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		<title>U.S. Government Catalogue of Cellphone Surveillance Devices Used by The Military and by CIA, NSA, FBI and other Intelligence Agencies</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/u-s-government-catalogue-of-cellphone-surveillance-devices-used-by-the-military-and-by-cia-nsa-fbi-and-other-intelligence-agencies/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 23:05:17 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[U.S. Government Catalogue of Cellphone Surveillance Devices Used by The Military and by CIA, NSA, FBI and other Intelligence Agencies A fellow leader in the intelligence community new sources as we INTERCEPT them from the INTERCEPT which HAS OBTAINED a secret, internal U.S. government catalogue of dozens of cellphone surveillance devices used by the military and by intelligence agencies. [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">U.S. Government Catalogue of Cellphone <span style="color: #ff0000;">Surveillance Devices</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #0000ff;">Used by The <span style="color: #ff0000;">Military</span> and by <span style="color: #ff0000;">CIA</span>, <span style="color: #ff0000;">NSA</span>, <span style="color: #ff0000;">FBI</span> and other <span style="color: #ff0000;">Intelligence Agencies</span></span></h1>
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<div class="JWGIF" data-reactid="103"><span class="dropcap">A fellow leader in the intelligence community new sources as we </span><u>INTERCEPT them from the INTERCEPT which HAS OBTAINED</u> a secret, internal U.S. government <a href="https://theintercept.com/surveillance-catalogue/">catalogue</a> of dozens of cellphone surveillance devices used by the military and by intelligence agencies. The document, thick with previously undisclosed information, also offers rare insight into the spying capabilities of federal law enforcement and local police inside the United States.</div>
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<p>The catalogue includes details on the Stingray, a well-known brand of surveillance gear, as well as Boeing “dirt boxes” and dozens of more obscure devices that can be mounted on vehicles, drones, and piloted aircraft. Some are designed to be used at static locations, while others can be discreetly carried by an individual. They have names like Cyberhawk, Yellowstone, Blackfin, Maximus, Cyclone, and Spartacus. <span class="s1">Within the catalogue, the NSA is listed as the vendor of one device, while another was developed for use by the CIA, and another was developed for a special forces requirement. Nearly a third of the entries focus on equipment that seems to have never been described in public before. Click the image below to see what they got.<br />
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<p><iframe title="Exposed: Secret Government Surveillance Tools They DON&#039;T Want You to Know About!" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iRYji0Q2K30?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<h2 class="Post-feature-subtitle" style="text-align: center;" data-reactid="112">A Secret Catalogue of Government Gear for Spying on Your Cellphone click yellow image to visit</h2>
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<p><a href="https://theintercept.com/surveillance-catalogue/"><img decoding="async" class="size-article-medium wp-image-46178 aligncenter" src="https://theintercept.imgix.net/wp-uploads/sites/1/2015/12/TSSC_CatalogueCTA_01_thumb.gif" alt="" /></a></p>
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<p><em>The Intercept</em> obtained the catalogue from a source within the intelligence community concerned about the militarization of domestic law enforcement. (The original is <a href="https://theintercept.com/document/2015/12/17/government-cellphone-surveillance-catalogue/">here</a>.)</p>
<p>A few of the devices can house a “target list” of as many as 10,000 unique phone identifiers. Most can be used to geolocate people, but the documents indicate that some have more advanced capabilities, like eavesdropping on calls and spying on SMS messages. Two systems, apparently designed for use on captured phones, are touted as having the ability to extract media files, address books, and notes, and one can retrieve deleted text messages.</p>
<p>Above all, the catalogue represents a trove of details on surveillance devices developed for military and intelligence purposes but increasingly used by law enforcement agencies to spy on people and convict them of crimes. The mass shooting earlier this month in San Bernardino, California, which President Barack Obama has called “an act of terrorism,” prompted <a href="https://trott.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/trott-leads-effort-stand-against-obama-administration-s-weakening-local">calls</a> for state and local police forces to beef up their counterterrorism capabilities, a process that has historically involved adapting military technologies to civilian use. Meanwhile, civil liberties advocates and others are increasingly alarmed about how cellphone surveillance devices are used domestically and have called for a more open and informed debate about the trade-off between security and privacy — despite a virtual blackout by the federal government on any information about the specific capabilities of the gear.</p>
<p>“We’ve seen a trend in the years since 9/11 to bring sophisticated surveillance technologies that were originally designed for military use — like Stingrays or drones or biometrics — back home to the United States,” said Jennifer Lynch, a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which has waged a legal battle challenging the use of cellphone surveillance devices domestically. “But using these technologies for domestic law enforcement purposes raises a host of issues that are different from a military context.”</p>
<p><span class="dropcap">M</span><u>ANY OF THE DEVICES</u> in the catalogue, including the Stingrays and dirt boxes, are cell-site simulators, which operate by mimicking the towers of major telecom companies like Verizon, AT&amp;T, and T-Mobile. When someone’s phone connects to the spoofed network, it transmits a unique identification code and, through the characteristics of its radio signals when they reach the receiver, information about the phone’s location. There are also <a href="http://www.wired.com/2015/10/stingray-government-spy-tools-can-record-calls-new-documents-confirm/">indications</a> that cell-site simulators may be able to monitor calls and text messages.</p>
<p>In the catalogue, each device is listed with guidelines about how its use must be approved; the answer is usually via the “Ground Force Commander” or under one of two titles in the U.S. code governing military and intelligence operations, including covert action.</p>
<p>But domestically the devices have been used in a way that violates the constitutional rights of citizens, including the Fourth Amendment prohibition on illegal search and seizure, critics like Lynch say. They have regularly been used without warrants, or with warrants that critics call overly broad. Judges and civil liberties groups alike have complained that the devices are used without full disclosure of how they work, even within court proceedings.</p>
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<p>“Every time police drive the streets with a Stingray, these dragnet devices can identify and locate dozens or hundreds of innocent bystanders’ phones,” said Nathan Wessler, a staff attorney with the Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project of the American Civil Liberties Union.</p>
<p>The controversy around cellphone surveillance illustrates the friction that comes with redeploying military combat gear into civilian life. The U.S. government has been using cell-site simulators for at least <a href="http://www.wired.com/1996/02/catching/">20 years</a>, but their use by local law enforcement is a more recent development.</p>
<p>The archetypical cell-site simulator, the Stingray, was trademarked by Harris Corp. in 2003 and initially used by the military, intelligence agencies, and federal law enforcement. Another company, Digital Receiver Technology, now owned by Boeing, developed dirt boxes — more powerful cell-site simulators — which gained favor among the NSA, CIA, and U.S. military as good tools for hunting down suspected terrorists. The devices can reportedly track more than 200 phones over a wider range than the Stingray.</p>
<p>Amid the war on terror, companies selling cell-site simulators to the federal government thrived. In addition to large corporations like Boeing and Harris, which clocked more than <a href="https://washingtontechnology.com/articles/2015/06/07/harris-top-100-profile.aspx">$2.6 billion in federal contracts</a> last year, the catalogue obtained by <em>The Intercept</em> includes products from little-known outfits like Nevada-based Ventis, which appears to have been <a href="http://nvsos.gov/sosentitysearch/corpActions.aspx?lx8nvq=kaC42PDAVuZhhwdFwAw4Fg%253d%253d&amp;CorpName=VENTIS+CORPORATION">dissolved</a>, and SR Technologies of Davie, Florida, which has a website that warns: “Due to the sensitive nature of this business, we require that all visitors be registered before accessing further information.” (The catalogue obtained by <em>The Intercept</em> is not dated, but includes information about an event that occurred in 2012.)</p>
<p>The U.S. government eventually used cell-site simulators to target people for assassination in drone strikes, <em>The Intercept</em> has <a href="https://theintercept.com/2014/02/10/the-nsas-secret-role/">reported</a>. But the CIA helped use the technology at home, too. For more than a decade, the agency worked with the U.S. Marshals Service to deploy planes with dirt boxes attached to track mobile phones across the U.S., the <em>Wall Street Journal</em> <a href="http://www.wsj.com/articles/cia-gave-justice-department-secret-phone-scanning-technology-1426009924">revealed</a>.</p>
<p>After being used by federal agencies for years, cellular surveillance devices began to make their way into the arsenals of a small number of local police agencies. By 2007, Harris sought a license from the Federal Communications Commission to widely sell its devices to local law enforcement, and police <a href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.cloudprivacy.net/FOIA/FCC/fcc-stingray-reply.pdf">flooded</a> the FCC with letters of support. “The text of every letter was the same. The only difference was the law enforcement logo at the top,” said Chris Soghoian, the principal technologist at the ACLU, who obtained copies of the letters from the FCC through a Freedom of Information Act request.</p>
<p>The lobbying campaign was a success. Today nearly 60 law enforcement agencies in 23 states are <a href="https://www.aclu.org/map/stingray-tracking-devices-whos-got-them">known</a> to possess a Stingray or some form of cell-site simulator, though experts believe that number likely underrepresents the real total. In some jurisdictions, police use cell-site simulators regularly. The Baltimore Police Department, for example, has used Stingrays <a href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-stingray-case-20150408-story.html">more than</a> 4,300 times since 2007.</p>
<p>Police often cite the war on terror in acquiring such systems. Michigan State Police claimed their Stingrays would “allow the State to track the physical location of a suspected terrorist,” although the ACLU <a href="https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-future/police-citing-terrorism-buy-stingrays-used-only-ordinary-crimes">later found</a> that in 128 uses of the devices last year, none were related to terrorism. In Tacoma, Washington, police <a href="https://privacysos.org/node/1554">claimed</a> Stingrays could prevent attacks using improvised explosive devices — the roadside bombs that plagued soldiers in Iraq. “I am not aware of any case in which a police agency has used a cell-site simulator to find a terrorist,” said Lynch. Instead, “law enforcement agencies have been using cell-site simulators to solve even the most minor domestic crimes.”</p>
<p><em>The Intercept</em> is not publishing information on devices in the catalogue where the disclosure is not relevant to the debate over the extent of domestic surveillance.</p>
<p>The Office of the Director of National Intelligence declined to comment for this article. The FBI, NSA, and U.S. military did not offer any comment after acknowledging <em>The Intercept</em>’s written requests. The Department of Justice “uses technology in a manner that is consistent with the requirements and protections of the Constitution<span class="s1">, including the Fourth Amendment, and applicable statutory authorities,</span>” said Marc Raimondi, a Justice Department spokesperson who, for six years prior to working for the DOJ, worked for Harris Corp., the manufacturer of the Stingray.</p>
<p><span class="dropcap">W</span><u>HILE INTEREST FROM</u> local cops helped fuel the spread of cell-site simulators, funding from the federal government also played a role, incentivizing municipalities to buy more of the technology. In the years since 9/11, the U.S. has expanded its funding to provide military hardware to state and local law enforcement agencies via grants awarded by the Department of Homeland Security and the Justice Department. There’s been a similar pattern with Stingray-like devices.</p>
<p>“The same grant programs that paid for local law enforcement agencies across the country to buy armored personnel carriers and drones have paid for Stingrays,” said Soghoian. “Like drones, license plate readers, and biometric scanners, the Stingrays are yet another surveillance technology created by defense contractors for the military, and after years of use in war zones, it eventually trickles down to local and state agencies, paid for with DOJ and DHS money.”</p>
<p>In 2013, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement <a href="http://www.myflorida.com/apps/vbs/adoc/F13170_CopyofPUR77767dayIntendedSoleSourceSyndetix.pdf">reported</a> the purchase of two HEATR long-range surveillance devices as well as $3 million worth of Stingray devices <a href="https://www.aclu.org/florida-department-law-enforcement-stingray-purchase-order-summary?redirect=technology-and-liberty/florida-department-law-enforcement-stingray-purchase-order-summary">since 2008</a>. In California, Alameda County and police departments in Oakland and Fremont <a href="https://www.revealnews.org/article/east-bay-cellphone-surveillance-plan-gets-attorney-generals-support/">are using</a> $180,000 in Homeland Security grant money to buy Harris’ Hailstorm cell-site simulator and the hand-held Thoracic surveillance device, made by Maryland security and intelligence company Keyw. As part of Project Archangel, which is described in government contract documents as a “border radio intercept program,” the Drug Enforcement Administration has contracted with Digital Receiver Technology for over $1 million in DRT surveillance box equipment. The Department of the Interior contracted with Keyw for more than half a million dollars of “reduced signature cellular precision geolocation.”</p>
<p>Information on such purchases, like so much about cell-site simulators, has trickled out through freedom of information requests and public records. The capabilities of the devices are kept under lock and key — a secrecy that hearkens back to their military origins. When state or local police purchase the cell-site simulators, they <a href="http://www.nyclu.org/files/20120629-renondisclsure-obligations(Harris-ECSO).pdf">are routinely required</a> to sign non-disclosure agreements with the FBI that they may not reveal the “existence of and the capabilities provided by” the surveillance devices, or share “any information” about the equipment with the public.</p>
<p>Indeed, while several of the devices in the military catalogue obtained by <em>The Intercept</em> are actively deployed by federal and local law enforcement agencies, according to public records, judges have struggled to obtain details of how they work. Other products in the secret catalogue have never been publicly acknowledged and any use by state, local, and federal agencies inside the U.S. is, therefore, difficult to challenge.</p>
<p>“It can take decades for the public to learn what our police departments are doing, by which point constitutional violations may be widespread,” Wessler said. “By showing what new surveillance capabilities are coming down the pike, these documents will help lawmakers, judges, and the public know what to look out for as police departments seek ever-more powerful electronic surveillance tools.”</p>
<p>Sometimes it’s not even clear how much police are spending on Stingray-like devices because they are bought with proceeds from assets seized under federal civil forfeiture law, in drug busts and other operations. Illinois, Michigan, and Maryland police forces have all used asset forfeiture funds to pay for Stingray-type equipment.</p>
<p>“The full extent of the secrecy surrounding cell-site simulators is completely unjustified and unlawful,” said EFF’s Lynch. “No police officer or detective should be allowed to withhold information from a court or criminal defendant about how the officer conducted an investigation.”</p>
<p><span class="dropcap">J</span><u>UDGES HAVE BEEN</u> among the foremost advocates for ending the secrecy around cell-site simulators, including by pushing back on warrant requests. At times, police have attempted to hide their use of Stingrays in criminal cases, prompting at least one judge to throw out evidence obtained by the device. In 2012, a U.S. magistrate judge in Texas rejected an application by the Drug Enforcement Administration to use a cell-site simulator in an operation, saying that the agency had failed to explain “what the government would do with” the data collected from innocent people.</p>
<p>Law enforcement has responded with some limited forms of transparency. In September, the Justice Department <a href="http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-enhanced-policy-use-cell-site-simulators">issued</a> new guidelines for the use of Stingrays and similar devices, including that federal law enforcement agencies using them must obtain a warrant based on probable cause and must delete any data intercepted from individuals not under investigation.</p>
<p>Contained within the guidelines, however, is a clause stipulating vague “exceptional circumstances” under which agents could be exempt from the requirement to get a probable cause warrant.</p>
<p>“Cell-site simulator technology has been instrumental in aiding law enforcement in a broad array of investigations, including kidnappings, fugitive investigations, and complicated narcotics cases,” said Deputy Attorney General Sally Quillian Yates.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, parallel <a href="https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/15-3959-S2-DHS-Signed-Policy-Directive-047-02-Use-of-Cell-Site-Simulator-Tech.pdf">guidelines</a> issued by the Department of Homeland Security in October <a href="https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-future/four-biggest-problems-dhss-new-stingray-policy">do not require warrants</a> for operations on the U.S. border, nor do the warrant requirements apply to state and local officials who purchased their Stingrays through grants from the federal government, such as those in Wisconsin, Maryland, and Florida.</p>
<p>The ACLU, EFF, and several prominent members of Congress have said the federal government’s exceptions are too broad and leave the door open for abuses.</p>
<p>“Because cell-site simulators can collect so much information from innocent people, a simple warrant for their use is not enough,” said Lynch, the EFF attorney. “Police officers should be required to limit their use of the device to a short and defined period of time. Officers also need to be clear in the probable cause affidavit supporting the warrant about the device’s capabilities.”</p>
<p>In November, a federal judge in Illinois published a legal memorandum about the government’s application to use a cell-tower spoofing technology in a drug-trafficking investigation. In his memo, Judge Iain Johnston sharply criticized the secrecy surrounding Stingrays and other surveillance devices, suggesting that it made weighing the constitutional implications of their use extremely difficult. “A cell-site simulator is simply too powerful of a device to be used and the information captured by it too vast to allow its use without specific authorization from a fully informed court,” <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2516907-united-states-of-america-v-in-the-matter-of-the.html">he wrote</a>.</p>
<p>He added that Harris Corp. “is extremely protective about information regarding its device. In fact, Harris is so protective that it has been widely reported that prosecutors are negotiating plea deals far below what they could obtain so as to not disclose cell-site simulator information. … So where is one, including a federal judge, able to learn about cell-site simulators? A judge can ask a requesting Assistant United States Attorney or a federal agent, but they are tight-lipped about the device, too.”</p>
<p>The ACLU and EFF believe that the public has a right to review the types of devices being used to encourage an informed debate on the potentially far-reaching implications of the technology. The catalogue obtained by <em>The Intercept</em>, said Wessler, “fills an important gap in our knowledge, but it is incumbent on law enforcement agencies to proactively disclose information about what surveillance equipment they use and what steps they take to protect Fourth Amendment privacy rights.”</p>
<p><em>Written by <a class="PostByline-link" href="https://theintercept.com/staff/jeremy-scahill/" rel="author" data-reactid="165"><span data-reactid="166">Jeremy Scahill</span></a>, <a class="PostByline-link" href="https://theintercept.com/staff/margotwilliams/" rel="author" data-reactid="168"><span data-reactid="169">Margot Williams</span></a> Research: Josh Begley <a href="https://theintercept.com/2015/12/16/a-secret-catalogue-of-government-gear-for-spying-on-your-cellphone/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></em></p>
<p><iframe title="Exposing the NSA’s Mass Surveillance of Americans | Cyberwar" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tYVm62oEyWA?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
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<h1 class="Post-feature-title" style="text-align: center;" data-reactid="109">STINGRAYS</h1>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="color: #ff0000;">Learn</span><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;"> what a</span>  <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/can-cops-secretly-listen-to-my-phone-how-cops-can-secretly-track-your-phone/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stingray is here</a></span></strong></em></h3>
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.cryptomuseum.com/intel/nsa/index.htm#inter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NSA-backdoored equipment info found OFF this website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/u-s-government-catalogue-of-cellphone-surveillance-devices-used-by-the-military-and-by-cia-nsa-fbi-and-other-intelligence-agencies/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Government Catalogue of Cellphone Surveillance Devices</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Backdoors on Wikipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/nsa-national-security-agency/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Security Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cia-central-intelligence-agency/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nsa.gov1.info/dni/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NSA EXTRACTED INFO</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cryptomuseum.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CRYPTO MUSEUM</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edward Snowden</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/can-cops-secretly-listen-to-my-phone-how-cops-can-secretly-track-your-phone/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stingray</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fbi-vows-not-to-use-pegasus-spyware-after-grilling-from-capitol-hill/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pegasus Spyware</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/x-keyscore-allows-the-nsa-and-allies-to-monitor-emails-web-browsing-internet-searches-and-social-media/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">X-Keyscore</a></li>
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		<title>CIA sets up Untraceable Dark Web Website on the Anonymous, Encrypted Tor Network</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cia-sets-up-untraceable-dark-web-website-on-the-anonymous-encrypted-tor-network/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Oct 2023 11:01:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[Encrypted]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[CIA sets up Untraceable Dark Web Website on the Anonymous, Encrypted Tor Network CIA launches its official anonymous onion site over the Tor network, where people can apply for jobs and for reporting information. Onion websites can be reachable only via the Tor network, and search engines do not index these sites. They operate under [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 class="entry-title">CIA sets up Untraceable Dark Web Website on the Anonymous, Encrypted Tor Network</h1>
<p>CIA launches its official anonymous onion site over the Tor network, where people can apply for jobs and for reporting information.</p>
<p>Onion websites can be reachable only via the Tor network, and search engines do not index these sites. They operate under the under layered proxy networks.</p>
<p>By installing the Tor Browser, you can access the <a href="https://gbhackers.com/how-to-access-deep-anonymous-web-and-know-its-secretive-and-mysterious-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="dark web (opens in a new tab)">dark web</a> hosting websites. The Dark Web, on the other hand, is defined as “the portion of the Internet that is intentionally hidden from search engines, uses masked IP addresses, and is accessible only with a specific web browser.</p>
<p>Tor browser ensures your communication around a distributed system of transfers keeps running by volunteers all around the globe.</p>
<p>It prevents some person viewing your Internet connection from realizing what websites you visit, it prevents the websites you visit from learning your physical location, and it gives you a chance to get to websites which are blocked.</p>
<p>CIA believes it’s a move to Onion Site offers “Secure, anonymous, untraceable—traits ever-present in CIA’s intelligence collection mission,” reads CIA <a href="https://www.cia.gov/news-information/press-releases-statements/2019-press-releases-statements/ciagov-over-tor.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">press release</a>.</p>
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<p>“Our global mission demands that individuals can access us securely from anywhere. Creating an onion site is just one of many ways we’re going where people are,” said Brittany Bramell, CIA’s Director of Public Affairs.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="entered litespeed-loaded" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RXSm00XYo-U/XNJVl7sAZTI/AAAAAAAAApM/7IFcP8ZRTVs_-Rpn-a9tLJW_QOe9WE0WQCLcBGAs/s1600/CIA.jpg" alt="CIA" width="728" height="380" data-lazyloaded="1" data-src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RXSm00XYo-U/XNJVl7sAZTI/AAAAAAAAApM/7IFcP8ZRTVs_-Rpn-a9tLJW_QOe9WE0WQCLcBGAs/s1600/CIA.jpg" data-ll-status="loaded" /></figure>
<p>The dark website site is the mirror link of www.cia.gov, “The World Factbook to reporting information to apply for a job, is available on our onion site.”</p>
<p><a href="http://ciadotgov4sjwlzihbbgxnqg3xiyrg7so2r2o3lt5wz5ypk4sxyjstad.onion" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>ciadotgov4sjwlzihbbgxnqg3xiyrg7so2r2o3lt5wz5ypk4sxyjstad.onion</strong></a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="https://gbhackers.com/cia-launches-onion-site/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></p>
<hr />
<p>The CIA has recently been expanding its online communication with the public, and now it’s taking that effort to the deepest corners of the internet.</p>
<p>The agency launched a website Tuesday on the Tor network — the backbone of what’s commonly known as the dark web — to give people a new and more secure way to get in contact.</p>
<p>“Our global mission demands that individuals can access us securely from anywhere. Creating an onion site is just one of many ways we’re going where people are,” Brittany Bramell, CIA’s director of public affairs, said in a statement. The dark web isn’t indexed or searchable by normal search engines, and to access it, individuals must use an anonymized browser called Tor — short for The Onion Router.</p>
<p>The CIA’s .onion site will provide all of the same information, contacts and services the spy agency’s normal website does. It’s aimed at people who want to anonymously share information with the CIA, but are wary of being tracked.</p>
<p>“We believe onion services are a key next step in securing the web, similar to the standardization of https as more secure configuration than http, so it’s not a surprise that the CIA would want to take advantage of the privacy and security protections that onion services provide,” said Stephanie Whited, Tor’s communications director.</p>
<p>Spy agencies have long been at home on the dark web, as Tor was developed with U.S. intelligence in mind by the Naval Research Lab “for the primary purpose of protecting government communications.” But now it’s used by a much wider community, from journalists and activists to those buying and selling illicit goods and services.</p>
<p>The CIA gives instructions on downloading Tor and how to reach its dark web domain, which is at the following address:</p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://ciadotgov4sjwlzihbbgxnqg3xiyrg7so2r2o3lt5wz5ypk4sxyjstad.onion" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ciadotgov4sjwlzihbbgxnqg3xiyrg7so2r2o3lt5wz5ypk4sxyjstad.onion</a></p></blockquote>
<p>This comes on the heels of the CIA launching an official Instagram account, adding to a social media presence that already consisted of Twitter and Facebook profiles. <a href="https://fedscoop.com/tor-cia-dark-web-onion-router-site/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></p>
<hr />
<p><span class="lead-in-text-callout">THE ANONYMITY SERVICE</span> Tor has grown in popularity around the world over the past few years, but it has also long been a tool for intelligence agencies and clandestine communications—not to mention endless cat-and-mouse games between law enforcement and criminals. But now, the CIA is staking out a more public presence there.</p>
<p class="paywall">On Tuesday, the CIA announced its own Tor &#8220;onion service,&#8221; so that people around the world can browse the agency&#8217;s website anonymously—or, you know, send history-altering tips. Tor is an anonymity network that you access through a special browser, like the Tor Browser, and that uses its own URLs. The service protects your IP address and browsing online by encrypting the traffic and bouncing it around a series of waypoints to make it very difficult to trace.</p>
<p class="paywall">Over the years, several organizations have made so-called onion sites—a dedicated version of their website that they configure and host to be accessible through the Tor anonymity network. Also called an onion service, Facebook launched one in 2014, and <em>The New York Times</em> added one in 2017. The National Police of the Netherlands even has an onion service related to its dark-web criminal takedown operations. But the CIA is the first intelligence agency to make the leap.</p>
<p class="paywall">&#8220;Our global mission demands that individuals can access us securely from anywhere,&#8221; CIA director of public affairs Brittany Bramell told WIRED ahead of the launch in a statement. &#8220;Creating an onion site is just one of many ways we’re going where people are.&#8221;</p>
<p class="paywall">Everything from the CIA&#8217;s main website is available on its onion site, including instructions for how to contact the CIA and a digital form for submitting tips. There are also job listings, the agency&#8217;s archival material including its World Factbook and, of course, the Kids&#8217; Zone. The main reasons to actually access the CIA&#8217;s site through Tor seem to be sending information to the agency with more robust anonymity protection or quietly applying for a job there.</p>
<p class="paywall">The CIA&#8217;s site is a <a class="external-link" href="https://blog.torproject.org/tors-fall-harvest-next-generation-onion-services" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-offer-url="https://blog.torproject.org/tors-fall-harvest-next-generation-onion-services" data-event-click="{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https://blog.torproject.org/tors-fall-harvest-next-generation-onion-services&quot;}" data-uri="01269efd09988c58869a97fe30447e37">Version 3</a> onion service, meaning it has the improved cryptographic algorithms and stronger authentication the Tor Project launched at the end of 2017. In general, it works the same as Version 2 onion sites except it has a longer address. Instead of something like &#8220;nytimes3xbfgragh.onion,&#8221; you reach the CIA&#8217;s onion site at &#8220;ciadotgov4sjwlzihbbgxnqg3xiyrg7so2r2o3lt5wz5ypk4sxyjstad.onion.&#8221;</p>
<p class="paywall">Tor was largely created through funding from the United States government in the 1990s and early 2000s, including from the Naval Research Lab and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The anonymity service has been open source since its public release in 2002, and it transitioned to being overseen by a nonprofit, dubbed the Tor Project, in 2006.</p>
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<div id="google_ads_iframe_3379/conde.wired.native/in-content/security/article/1_0__container__">It can seem confusing at first that the US government would fund the creation of a tool that has since been used by criminals and foreign governments to conduct secret operations. But the US government can benefit from using the anonymity service in the same way these groups do. Still, stories and investigations abound about Tor&#8217;s origins, including one persistent rumor that the CIA funded Tor&#8217;s creation through covert channels. The Tor Project says that it has always been transparent about its funding sources and that it has no past or present connection to the CIA.</div>
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<p class="paywall">&#8220;We make free and open source software that’s available for anyone to use—and that includes the CIA,&#8221; says Stephanie Whited, communications director for the Tor Project. &#8220;We don’t choose who uses our software. We want to see onion services adopted more frequently, and we think there’s a trend moving in that direction.&#8221;</p>
<p class="paywall">The CIA could have ulterior motives for establishing an onion site, but perhaps the agency is in fact simply trying to offer more ways for people to contact it and interact with its public resources. If nothing else, the project&#8217;s tagline pokes fun at its inherent ambiguity: &#8220;Onions have layers, so do we.&#8221; <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/cia-sets-up-shop-on-tor/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></p>
<hr />
<h2>learn more</h2>
<h3><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/the-dark-web-browser-what-is-tor-is-it-safe-and-how-to-use-it-the-tor-browser-takes-online-privacy-to-extremes-with-an-encrypted-and-anonymous-connection-tor-helps-you-access-the-unindexed-part-o/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Dark Web Browser: What Is Tor, Is It Safe, and How to Use It</a></h3>
<h3><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/most-popular-and-interesting-dark-web-websites-with-onion-links/">Most Popular and Interesting Dark Web Websites (with Onion Links)</a></h3>
<h3><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cia-sets-up-untraceable-dark-web-website-on-the-anonymous-encrypted-tor-network/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CIA sets up Untraceable Dark Web Website on the Anonymous, Encrypted Tor Network</a></h3>
<h3><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/hosting-anonymous-website-on-tor-network/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hosting Anonymous Website on Tor Network</a></h3>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Yes, Anheuser-Busch CEO Brendan Whitworth worked for the CIA</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/yes-anheuser-busch-ceo-brendan-whitworth-worked-for-the-cia/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 23 Apr 2023 18:01:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Business & Industry]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://goodshepherdmedia.net/?p=13621</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Yes, Anheuser-Busch CEO Brendan Whitworth worked for the CIA The current Anheuser-Busch CEO was an operations officer with the CIA from 2001 to 2006. We cannot verify whether its he is or is not currently working for the CIA, some posts claim he still is, and if he was we would never know anyways! Anheuser-Busch [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 class="article__headline">Yes, Anheuser-Busch CEO Brendan Whitworth worked for the CIA</h1>
<blockquote>
<div class="article__summary"><em><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">The current Anheuser-Busch CEO was an operations officer with the CIA from 2001 to 2006. We cannot verify whether its he is or is not currently working for the CIA, some posts claim he still is, and if he was we would never know anyways!</span></strong></em></div>
</blockquote>
<p><iframe style="border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;" src="https://www.fox61.com/embeds/video/responsive/536-e27b36e6-c5cb-435f-957f-d430ab49eec5/iframe" width="640" height="360" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><br />
Anheuser-Busch CEO Brendan Whitworth was the target of anti-trans backlash online over the company&#8217;s recent Bud Light partnership with social media influencer Dylan Mulvaney.</p>
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<p>Mulvaney, who is transgender and has publicly documented her experience transitioning online, posted a video on April 1 announcing her partnership with Bud Light. On April 14 , Whitworth said in a statement the company “never intended to be part of a discussion that divides people.”</p>
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<div id="google_ads_iframe_/32805352/tx-dallas-WFAA-B3341_DesktopTablet/article_mid1/news/verify/business-verify_0__container__">The same day the statement was published, screenshots of Whitworth’s LinkedIn profile went viral. The screenshots show Whitworth’s work history, and highlight a section of his resume that claims he worked for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).</div>
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<div class="article__section article__section_type_text utility__text">
<p>“Hey guys, I think I found the problem.<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/brendan-whitworth-5784b33/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> The CEO of Budweiser</a> is a CIA operative. No, really,” one tweet with four million views says.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-large wp-image-13623" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/maga-pounces-brendan-whitworths-cia-ties-1024x683.jpg" alt="" width="640" height="427" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/maga-pounces-brendan-whitworths-cia-ties-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/maga-pounces-brendan-whitworths-cia-ties-400x267.jpg 400w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/maga-pounces-brendan-whitworths-cia-ties-768x512.jpg 768w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/maga-pounces-brendan-whitworths-cia-ties-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/maga-pounces-brendan-whitworths-cia-ties-2048x1365.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></p>
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		<title>CIA’s Operation Mockingbird a precursor of US manipulation of world public opinion &#8211; The Mockingbird Project</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cias-operation-mockingbird/</link>
		
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					<description><![CDATA[CIA’s Operation Mockingbird a precursor of US manipulation of world public opinion The Mockingbird Project This article is about the alleged CIA program to influence the press. For the CIA wire tapping operation, see Project Mockingbird. For an overview of CIA influence on the media, see CIA influence on public opinion. Operation Mockingbird is an alleged large-scale program [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 class="article-title">CIA’s Operation Mockingbird a precursor of US manipulation of world public opinion</h1>
<h2 class="article-title">The Mockingbird Project</h2>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">This article is about the alleged CIA program to influence the press. For the CIA wire tapping operation, see <a title="Project Mockingbird" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mockingbird">Project Mockingbird</a>. For an overview of CIA influence on the media, see <a title="CIA influence on public opinion" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_influence_on_public_opinion">CIA influence on public opinion</a>.</div>
<p><b>Operation Mockingbird</b> is an alleged large-scale program of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="United States Central Intelligence Agency" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Intelligence_Agency">United States Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) that began in the early years of the <a title="Cold War" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War">Cold War</a> and attempted to manipulate domestic American news media organizations for propaganda purposes. According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when an April 1967 <i><a title="Ramparts (magazine)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparts_(magazine)">Ramparts</a></i> article reported that the <a title="National Student Association" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Student_Association">National Student Association</a> received funding from the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mockingbird#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> In 1975, <a title="Church Committee" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Committee">Church Committee</a> Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups.</p>
<p>In 1973, a document referred to as the &#8220;<a title="Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Jewels_(Central_Intelligence_Agency)">Family Jewels</a>&#8220;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mockingbird#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> was published by the CIA containing a reference to &#8220;<a title="Project Mockingbird" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mockingbird">Project Mockingbird</a>&#8220;, which was the name of an operation in 1963 wiretapping two journalists believed to be disseminating classified information.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mockingbird#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The document does not contain references to &#8220;Operation Mockingbird&#8221;</p>
<p><iframe title="Operation Mockingbird" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fZEwwGWmaYg?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<blockquote class="article-intro"><p>During the Cold War, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) launched its Operation Mockingbird, which aimed to collect intelligence by bribing journalists and institutions around the world and affecting public opinion by manipulating news media.</p>
<p>Carl Bernstein, a famous American investigative journalist who unveiled the scandal in 1977, said that according to the plan, the CIA recruited journalists that were put on a payroll by the CIA and instructed to write &#8220;fake stories&#8221;. The CIA admitted that at least 400 journalists and 25 large organizations around the world had secretly carried out assignments for the agency.</p></blockquote>
<section class="article-content">To this day, the CIA still attempts to monitor and manipulate public opinion through this despicable practice. The so-called truth that underpins a news story, from the perspective of the U.S. government, is not worth mentioning at all, with news media just being used as a tool to safeguard the country’s hegemony in the world. <a href="https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/china-news/20343-cia-s-operation-mockingbird-a-precursor-of-us-manipulation-of-world-public-opinion.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></p>
</section>
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<p><iframe title="Operation Mockingbird - The Secret Project That Manipulated the Media and Public Perception #shorts" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/y3aCtdwFqRw?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<h1>Operation Mockingbird</h1>
<p>In 1948 Frank Wisner was appointed director of the Office of Special Projects. Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). This became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the Central Intelligence Agency. Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on &#8220;propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.&#8221;</p>
<p>Later that year Wisner established Mockingbird, a program to influence the domestic American media. Wisner recruited Philip Graham (<i>Washington Post</i>) to run the project within the industry. Graham himself recruited others who had worked for military intelligence during the war. This included James Truitt, Russell Wiggins, Phil Geyelin, John Hayes and Alan Barth. Others like Stewart Alsop, Joseph Alsop and James Reston, were recruited from within the Georgetown Set. According to Deborah Davis, the author of <em>Katharine the Great</em> (1979) : &#8220;By the early 1950s, Wisner &#8216;owned&#8217; respected members of the New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles.&#8221;</p>
<p>In 1951 Allen W. Dulles persuaded Cord Meyer to join the CIA. However, there is evidence that he was recruited several years earlier and had been spying on the liberal organizations he had been a member of in the later 1940s. According to Deborah Davis, Meyer became Mockingbird&#8217;s &#8220;principal operative&#8221;.</p>
<p>One of the most important journalists under the control of Operation Mockingbird was Joseph Alsop, whose articles appeared in over 300 different newspapers. Other journalists willing to promote the views of the CIA included Stewart Alsop (<i>New York Herald Tribune</i>), Ben Bradlee (<i>Newsweek</i>), James Reston (<i>New York Times</i>), C. D. Jackson (<i>Time Magazine</i>), Walter Pincus (<i>Washington Post</i>), Walter Winchell (<em>New York Daily Mirror</em>), Drew Pearson, Walter Lippmann, William Allen White, Edgar Ansel Mowrer (<em>Chicago Daily News</em>), Hal Hendrix (<i>Miami News</i>), Whitelaw Reid (<i>New York Herald Tribune</i>), Jerry O&#8217;Leary (<i>Washington Star</i>), William C. Baggs (<i>Miami News</i>), Herb Gold (<i>Miami News</i>) and Charles L. Bartlett (<i>Chattanooga Times</i>). According to Nina Burleigh, the author of <i>A Very Private Woman</i>, (1998) these journalists sometimes wrote articles that were commissioned by Frank Wisner. The CIA also provided them with classified information to help them with their work.</p>
<p>After 1953 the network was overseen by Allen W. Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency. By this time Operation Mockingbird had a major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies. These organizations were run by people such as William Paley (CBS), Henry Luce (<i>Time Magazine</i> and <i>Life Magazine</i>), Arthur Hays Sulzberger (<i>New York Times</i>), Helen Rogers Reid (<em>New York Herald Tribune</em>), Dorothy Schiff (<em>New York Post</em>), Alfred Friendly (managing editor of the <i>Washington Post</i>), Barry Bingham (<i>Louisville Courier-Journal</i>) and James S. Copley (Copley News Services).</p>
<p>The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) was funded by siphoning of funds intended for the Marshall Plan. Some of this money was used to bribe journalists and publishers. Frank Wisner was constantly looked for ways to help convince the public of the dangers of communism. In 1954 Wisner arranged for the funding the Hollywood production of <i>Animal Farm</i>, the animated allegory based on the book written by George Orwell.</p>
<p>According to Alex Constantine (<i>Mockingbird: The Subversion Of The Free Press By The CIA</i>), in the 1950s, &#8220;some 3,000 salaried and contract CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts&#8221;. Wisner was also able to restrict newspapers from reporting about certain events. For example, the CIA plots to overthrow the governments of Iran and Guatemala.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Henry Luce, the owner of a large media empire, became a key figure in Operation Mockingbird. David Halberstam has pointed out in <em>The Powers That Be</em> (1979): &#8220;Luce&#8217;s politics hardened in the postwar years and <em>Time</em> had become increasingly Republican in its tone. He had been stunned by Truman&#8217;s defeat of Dewey in 1948. Then in the fall of 1949 China had fallen, the Democratic administration had failed to save Chiang, and that was too much; Truman, and even more Acheson, would have to pay the price. Time was now committed and politicized, an almost totally partisan instrument. The smell of blood was in the air. There was a hunger now in Luce to put a Republican back in power. It was as if Luce, between elections, stood as the leader of the opposition, a kingmaker who had failed to produce a king. The fall of China and the rise of a post-war anti-Communist mood had produced the essential issue to use against the Democrats: softness on Communism.&#8221;</p>
<p>Luce used his magazines to get Dwight D. Eisenhower elected as president. In 1953 Eisenhower appointed Clare Booth Luce ambassador to Italy; the first American woman ambassador to a major country. Claudio Accogli, a Italian historian, argues that luce was heavily involved in covert anti-communist activities with local cia personnel. Larry Hancock adds: &#8220;With no-holds barred political activism and heavy spending (including the support of the SIFAR/Italian Army Secret Service), Luce and the CIA managed to block the probable takeover of the center-left governments, an alliance between Christian Democrats (DC) and the Socialist Democratic Party (PSI).&#8221;</p>
<p>Jonathan P. Herzog, the author of <em>The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America&#8217;s Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War</em> (2011), has argued that Luce was motivated by his religious faith: &#8220;While he counted anti-Communists like Mundt, Cardinal Spellman, and Chambers as allies, he viewed the Communist threat differently. In his view, it was a symptom and not a disease. Like his wife, Clare, he understood faith as a psychological imperative sought by all people. If religious faith waned, other dogmas would take its place. The success of Communism, then, was not attributable to its message but rather to the fact that it offered people the spiritual certainty they no longer found in Christianity. All the shocking anti-Communist propaganda and shopworn tributes to democracy that America could muster would fail to arrest the Marxian surge. But if Americans filled the spiritual vacuum, if they made religious faith commensurate with military and economic power, then Communism would dissipate.&#8221;</p>
<p>Warren Hinckle has argued: &#8220;Henry Luce believed that a morally slanted press was a responsible press&#8230; <em>Life</em>, the flagship picture book of the Luce fleet, afforded photojournalism some of its finest moments, while the text accompanying the pictures that were worth thousands of words was slanted with an ideological warp sufficient to stir Caxton in his grave.&#8221; The cartoonist, Herbert Block, was equally critical: &#8220;Luce&#8217;s unique contribution to American journalism&#8230; is that he placed into the hands of the people yesterday&#8217;s newspaper and today&#8217;s garbage homogenized into one neat package.</p>
<blockquote><p><span class="graytext">(If you are enjoying this article, please feel free to share. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter and Google+ or subscribe to our monthly newsletter.)</span></p></blockquote>
<p>Thomas Braden, head of the of International Organizations Division (IOD), played an important role in Operation Mockingbird. Many years later he revealed his role in these events: &#8220;If the director of CIA wanted to extend a present, say, to someone in Europe &#8211; a Labour leader &#8211; suppose he just thought, This man can use fifty thousand dollars, he&#8217;s working well and doing a good job &#8211; he could hand it to him and never have to account to anybody&#8230; There was simply no limit to the money it could spend and no limit to the people it could hire and no limit to the activities it could decide were necessary to conduct the war &#8211; the secret war&#8230;. It was a multinational. Maybe it was one of the first. Journalists were a target, labor unions a particular target &#8211; that was one of the activities in which the communists spent the most money.&#8221;</p>
<p>In August, 1952, the Office of Policy Coordination and the Office of Special Operations (the espionage division) were merged to form the Directorate of Plans (DPP). Frank Wisner became head of this new organization and Richard Helms became his chief of operations. Mockingbird was now the responsibility of the DPP.</p>
<p>J. Edgar Hoover became jealous of the CIA&#8217;s growing power. He described the OPC as &#8220;Wisner&#8217;s gang of weirdos&#8221; and began carrying out investigations into their past. It did not take him long to discover that some of them had been active in left-wing politics in the 1930s. This information was passed to who started making attacks on members of the OPC. Hoover also gave McCarthy details of an affair that Frank Wisner had with Princess Caradja in Romania during the war. Hoover, claimed that Caradja was a Soviet agent.</p>
<p>Joseph McCarthy also began accusing other senior members of the CIA as being security risks. McCarthy claimed that the CIA was a &#8220;sinkhole of communists&#8221; and claimed he intended to root out a hundred of them. One of his first targets was Cord Meyer, who was still working for Operation Mockingbird. In August, 1953, Richard Helms, Wisner&#8217;s deputy at the OPC, told Meyer that Joseph McCarthy had accused him of being a communist. The Federal Bureau of Investigation added to the smear by announcing it was unwilling to give Meyer &#8220;security clearance&#8221;. However, the FBI refused to explain what evidence they had against Meyer. Allen W. Dulles and both came to his defence and refused to permit a FBI interrogation of Meyer.</p>
<p>Joseph McCarthy did not realise what he was taking on. Wisner unleashed Mockingbird on McCarthy. Drew Pearson, Joe Alsop, Jack Anderson, Walter Lippmann and Ed Murrow all went into attack mode and McCarthy was permanently damaged by the press coverage orchestrated by Wisner.</p>
<p>Mockingbird was very active during the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala. People like Henry Luce was able to censor stories that appeared too sympathetic towards the plight of Arbenz. Allen W. Dulles was even able to keep left-wing journalists from travelling to Guatemala. This including Sydney Gruson of the <i>New York Times</i>.</p>
<p>Frank Wisner was also interested in influencing Hollywood. As Hugh Wilford points out in <em>The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</em> (2008): “Fortunately for the CIA, two factors predisposed the major Hollywood studios that dominated the industry to take a responsible position in the cultural Cold War. One was a strong tendency toward self-censorship, the result of many years&#8217; experience avoiding the commercially disastrous effects of giving offense to either domestic pressure groups like the American Legion or foreign audiences. The other was the fact that the men who ran the studios were intensely patriotic and anticommunist &#8211; they saw it as their duty to help their government defeat the Soviet threat.&#8221;</p>
<p>Frank Wisner was helped by the fact that the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), chaired by J. Parnell Thomas, was carrying out an investigation into the Hollywood Motion Picture Industry. The HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood. These people attended voluntarily and became known as &#8220;friendly witnesses&#8221;. During their interviews they named nineteen people who they accused of holding left-wing views.</p>
<p>One of those named, Bertolt Brecht, a playwright, gave evidence and then left for East Germany. Ten others: Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole, Albert Maltz, Adrian Scott, Samuel Ornitz, Dalton Trumbo, Edward Dmytryk, Ring Lardner Jr., John Howard Lawson and Alvah Bessie refused to answer any questions and were sent to prison and were blacklisted from the industry.</p>
<p>The CIA and FBI also provided right-wing television producer, Vincent Harnett, with information about left-wing figures in the industry. In June 1950 Harnett published <i>Red Channels</i>, a pamphlet listing the names of 151 writers, directors and performers who they claimed had been members of subversive organisations before the Second World War but had not so far been blacklisted.</p>
<p>Lee J. Cobb was one of those actors who was originally blacklisted but eventually cooperated with the HUAC: “When the facilities of the government of the United States are drawn on an individual it can be terrifying. The blacklist is just the opening gambit &#8211; being deprived of work. Your passport is confiscated. That&#8217;s minor. But not being able to move without being tailed is something else. After a certain point it grows to implied as well as articulated threats, and people succumb. My wife did, and she was institutionalized. In 1953 the HCUA did a deal with me. I was pretty much worn down. I had no money. I couldn&#8217;t borrow. I had the expenses of taking care of the children. Why am I subjecting my loved ones to this? If it&#8217;s worth dying for, and I am just as idealistic as the next fellow. But I decided it wasn&#8217;t worth dying for, and if this gesture was the way of getting out of the penitentiary I&#8217;d do it. I had to be employable again.”</p>
<p>According to Frances Stonor Saunders, the author of <em>Who Paid the Piper?</em> (2000), Frank Wisner recruited several important figures for Operation Mockingbird. This included former OSS filmmaker John Ford and studio bosses Cecil B. DeMille (Paramount Pictures) and Darryl Zanuck (Twentieth Century-Fox).</p>
<p>Another important figure in this group was Howard Hughes, the boss of RKO Pictures. As Charles Higham points out in <em>Howard Hughes: The Secret Life</em> (2004), this was also good for business: “Hughes’s crusade against Communism” was “exacerbated by his desire to have Hughes Aircraft profit from the Korean and any future anti-Soviet wars”. For example, in June 1950, General Ira Eaker &#8220;signed an across-the-board agreement giving Hughes a monopoly in interceptors for the U.S. Air Force… despite the fact that it was in breach of the Sherman anti-monopolies act… By the end of 1950, the war had made Hughes even richer than before.”</p>
<p>Another important figure in this conspiracy was C. D. Jackson. He had joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1943. The following year he was appointed Deputy Chief at the Psychological Warfare Division at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). After the war, he became Managing Director of Time-Life International. When it became clear that Dwight D. Eisenhower stood a good chance of becoming president, the CIA arranged for Jackson to join his campaign. This involved Jackson writing speeches for Eisenhower. Jackson was rewarded in February 1953 by being appointed as Special Assistant to the President. This included the role of Eisenhower&#8217;s liaison between the CIA and the Pentagon.</p>
<p>According to the Eisenhower Presidential Library files in Abilene, Kansas, Jackson&#8217;s &#8220;area responsibility was loosely defined as international affairs, cold war planning, and psychological warfare. His main function was the coordination of activities aimed at interpreting world situations to the best advantage of the United States and her allies and exploiting incidents which reflected negatively on the Soviet Union , Communist China and other enemies in the Cold War.&#8221;</p>
<p>Jackson was also involved in Operation Mockingbird. This was revealed after the death of Jackson. On December 15, 1971, Mrs. C.D. Jackson gave her husband’s papers to the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. This included details that Jackson was in contact with a CIA agent in Hollywood&#8217;s Paramount Studios. The agent is not named by Jackson but Frances Stonor Saunders claims in <em>Who Paid the Piper?</em> (2000) that it was Carleton Alsop, a CIA agent employed by Frank Wisner. There is no doubt that Alsop was one of the CIA agents working at Paramount. However, Hugh Wilford argues in <em>The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</em> (2008) that it was a senior executive at Paramount, Lugi G. Laraschi, was the most important CIA figure at the studio. Laraschi was the head of foreign and domestic censorship at the studio, whose job was to &#8220;iron out any political, moral or religious problems&#8221;. Other studios, including MGM and RKO, had similar officers, and were probably CIA placements. In a private letter to Sherman Adams, Jackson claims the role of these CIA placements was &#8220;to insert in their scripts and in their action the right ideas with the proper subtlety&#8221;.</p>
<p>Although the main objective of Operation Mockingbird was to influence the production of commercial films the CIA also occasionally initiated film projects. The best documented instance of this concerns an animated version of Animal Farm, a satirical allegory about Stalinism by George Orwell. The book was highly popular when it was published in 1945 and it was only natural that the studios should be interested in making a film of the book. The problem for the CIA was that Orwell was a socialist whose book attacked both communism and capitalism. Therefore, it was important to make a film that restricted it to a condemnation of Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union.</p>
<p>In 1950 Wisner’s OPC arranged for Joe Bryan to recruit anti-communist documentary-maker Louis de Rochemont to produce a movie version of the tale. It was decided to get the film made in Britain to disguise CIA involvement in the project. Rochemont employed the British animation studio of husband and wife John Halas and Joy Batchelor to make the film. Most of the funding came from a CIA shell corporation, Touchstone. E. Howard Hunt was one of those agents involved in the production of the film whose role was to remove the socialist elements in Orwell’s allegory.</p>
<p>One unnamed member of the OPC sent a letter to John Halas called for the addition of scenes showing the other farms (that represented capitalist countries) in a more flattering light. The most important demand was to change the ending of Animal Farm. The CIA did not like the scene where the pigs and dogs face a liberation-style uprising of the other animals. The letter included the following: “It is reasonable to expect that if Orwell were to write the book today, it would be considerably different and that the changes would tend to make it even more positively anti-Communist and possibly somewhat more favorable to the Western powers.”</p>
<p>One of the main concerns of the CIA was the portrayal of race-relations in Hollywood movies. It was argued that the left was using this issue to undermine the idea that America was a democracy based on equal rights. Letters from Jackson sent to the producers of films called for scenes showing African Americans mixing on equal terms with whites. One of Jackson’s proposals involved “planting black spectators in a crowd watching a golf game in the Martin and Lewis comedy The Caddy”.</p>
<p>In 1955 Graham Greene published <em>The Quiet American</em>. The novel is set in Vietnam and involves the relationship between Thomas Fowler and Alden Pyle. Fowler is a veteran British journalist in his fifties, who has been covering the war in Vietnam for over two years. Pyle, the “Quiet American” of the title, is officially an aid worker, but is really employed by the CIA. It is believed that the Pyle character is partly based on that of Edward Lansdale.</p>
<p>Greene had worked for the British Secret Service during the Second World War. Although a fairly successful novelist at the time, Greene was also employed by <em>The Times</em> and <em>Le Figaro</em> as a journalist. Between 1951 to 1954 spent a long period of time in Saigon. In 1953 Lansdale became a CIA advisor on special counter-guerrilla operations to French forces against the Viet Minh.</p>
<p>While it is true that Graham Greene admitted that he never had the &#8220;misfortune to meet&#8221; Lansdale, the two men did know a lot about each other. Lansdale recalls that in 1954 he had dinner with Peg and Tilman Durdin at the Continental Hotel in Saigon. Greene was also there having a meal with several French officers. Lansdale claims that after he and the Durdins were leaving, Greene said something in French to his companions and the men began booing him.</p>
<p>Lansdale definitely thought that Pyle was based on him. He told Cecil B. Currey on 15th February, 1984: &#8220;Pyle was close to Trinh Minh Thé, the guerrilla leader, and also had a dog that went with him everywhere &#8211; and I was the only American close to Trinh Minh Thé and my poodle Pierre went everything with me.&#8221;</p>
<p>In the book Pyle is sent to Vietnam by his government, ostensibly as a member of the American Economic Mission, but that assignment was only a cover for his real role as a CIA agent. According to one critic &#8220;Pyle was the embodiment of well-meaning American-style politics, and he blundered through the intrigue, treachery, and confusion of Vietnamese politics, leaving a trail of blood and suffering behind him.&#8221; As Fowler points out in the novel, Pyle was attempting to &#8220;win the East for Democracy&#8221;. However, according to Fowler, what the people of Vietnam really wanted was &#8220;enough rice&#8221; to eat. What is more: &#8220;They don&#8217;t want to be shot at. They want one day to be much the same as another. They don&#8217;t want our white skins around telling them what they want.&#8221;</p>
<p>When the book was published in the United States in 1956 it was condemned as anti-American. Pyle (Lansdale) is portrayed as someone whose belief in the justice of American foreign policy allows him to ignore the appalling consequences of his actions. It was criticized by <em>The New Yorker</em> for portraying Americans as murderers.</p>
<p>The director, producer and screenwriter, Joseph L. Mankiewicz was chosen to make the film of <em>The Quiet American</em>. He visited Saigon in 1956 and was introduced to Edward Lansdale, whose cover was working at the International Rescue Committee’s office. The most controversial scene in the book is the bombing of a Saigon square in 1952 by a Vietnamese associate of Lansdale’s, General Trinh Minh Thé. In the novel, Greene suggests that Pyle/Lansdale, was behind the bombing. Lansdale suggested to Mankiewicz that the film should show that the bombing was “actually having been a Communist action”.</p>
<p>When he returned home Mankiewicz wrote to John O’Daniel, the chairman of the American Friends of Vietnam that he intended to completely change the anti-American attitude of Greene’s book. This included the casting of Second World War hero, Audie Murphy, as Alden Pyle.</p>
<p>In a letter that Edward Lansdale wrote to Ngo Dinh Diem he praised Mankiewicz’s treatment of the story as “an excellent change from Mr. Greene’s novel of despair” and “that it will help win more friends for you and Vietnam in many places in the world where it is shown.&#8221;</p>
<p>As Hugh Wilford pointed out: “It was a brilliantly devious maneuver of postmodern literary complexity: by helping to rewrite a story featuring a character reputedly based on himself, Lansdale had transformed an anti-American tract into a cinematic apology for U.S. policy &#8211; and his own actions-in Vietnam.”</p>
<p>Graham Greene was furious with Mankiewicz’s treatment of his novel. &#8220;Far was it from my mind, when I wrote The Quiet American that the book would become a source of spiritual profit to one of the most corrupt governments in Southeast Asia.&#8221;</p>
<p>In 1955 President Dwight Eisenhower established the 5412 Committee in order to keep a check on the CIA&#8217;s covert activities. The committee (also called the Special Group) included the CIA director, the national security adviser, and the deputy secretaries at State and Defence and had the responsibility to decide whether covert actions were &#8220;proper&#8221; and in the national interest. It was also decided to include Richard B. Russell, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee. However, as Allen W. Dulles was later to admit, because of &#8220;plausible deniability&#8221; planned covert actions were not referred to the 5412 Committee.</p>
<p>Dwight Eisenhower became concerned about CIA covert activities and in 1956 appointed David Bruce as a member of the President&#8217;s Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities (PBCFIA). Eisenhower asked Bruce to write a report on the CIA. It was presented to Eisenhower on 20th December, 1956. Bruce argued that the CIA&#8217;s covert actions were &#8220;responsible in great measure for stirring up the turmoil and raising the doubts about us that exists in many countries in the world today.&#8221; Bruce was also highly critical of Mockingbird. He argued: &#8220;what right have we to go barging around in other countries buying newspapers and handling money to opposition parties or supporting a candidate for this, that, or the other office.&#8221;</p>
<p>After Richard Bissell lost his post as Director of Plans in 1962, Tracy Barnes took over the running of Mockingbird. According to Evan Thomas (<i>The Very Best Men</i>) Barnes planted editorials about political candidates who were regarded as pro-CIA.</p>
<p>It has been argued by Larry Hancock, the author of <em>Someone Would Have Talked</em> (2006), that Virginia Prewett was a close associate of David Attlee Phillips and was involved in promoting the activities of Alpha 66, led by Antonio Veciana: &#8220;Virginia Prewett appears to have been one of Phillips&#8217; significant media contacts and certainly one of the most consistent sources of media coverage for Alpha 66 activities. The other major source was Life magazine, part of the Luce Media family managed by Claire Booth Luce&#8217;s husband Henry Robinson &#8220;Harry&#8221; Luce (a member of the Citizens Committee to Free Cuba, along with Phillips&#8217; friends Hal Hendrix and Paul Bethel). Articles by Prewitt and editorials by <em>Time-Life</em> provided the strongest challenge to the Kennedy position on Cuba and were quite consistent with the type of embarrass and back-to-the wall agendas Veciana attributed to Maurice Bishop.&#8221;</p>
<p>In September, 1963, Hal Hendrix joined Scripps-Howard News Service as a Latin American specialist. Instead of moving to Washington he remained in Miami &#8220;where his contacts were&#8221;. In an article on 24th September, 1963, Hendrix was able to describe and justify the coup that overthrew Juan Bosch, the president of Dominican Republic. The only problem was the coup took place on the 25th September. Some journalists claimed that Hendrix must have got this information from the CIA.</p>
<p>A few hours after John F. Kennedy had been killed, Hendrix provided background information to a colleague, Seth Kantor, about Lee Harvey Oswald. This included details of his defection to the Soviet Union and his work for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. This surprised Kantor because he had this information before it was released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation later that evening.</p>
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<p>In 1948 Frank Wisner was appointed director of the Office of Special Projects. Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). This became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the Central Intelligence Agency. Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on &#8220;propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.&#8221;</p>
<p>Later that year Wisner established Mockingbird, a program to influence the domestic American media. Wisner recruited Philip Graham (<i>Washington Post</i>) to run the project within the industry. Graham himself recruited others who had worked for military intelligence during the war. This included James Truitt, Russell Wiggins, Phil Geyelin, John Hayes and Alan Barth. Others like Stewart Alsop, Joseph Alsop and James Reston, were recruited from within the Georgetown Set. According to Deborah Davis, the author of <em>Katharine the Great</em> (1979) : &#8220;By the early 1950s, Wisner &#8216;owned&#8217; respected members of the New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles.&#8221;</p>
<p>In 1951 Allen W. Dulles persuaded Cord Meyer to join the CIA. However, there is evidence that he was recruited several years earlier and had been spying on the liberal organizations he had been a member of in the later 1940s. According to Deborah Davis, Meyer became Mockingbird&#8217;s &#8220;principal operative&#8221;.</p>
<p>One of the most important journalists under the control of Operation Mockingbird was Joseph Alsop, whose articles appeared in over 300 different newspapers. Other journalists willing to promote the views of the CIA included Stewart Alsop (<i>New York Herald Tribune</i>), Ben Bradlee (<i>Newsweek</i>), James Reston (<i>New York Times</i>), C. D. Jackson (<i>Time Magazine</i>), Walter Pincus (<i>Washington Post</i>), Walter Winchell (<em>New York Daily Mirror</em>), Drew Pearson, Walter Lippmann, William Allen White, Edgar Ansel Mowrer (<em>Chicago Daily News</em>), Hal Hendrix (<i>Miami News</i>), Whitelaw Reid (<i>New York Herald Tribune</i>), Jerry O&#8217;Leary (<i>Washington Star</i>), William C. Baggs (<i>Miami News</i>), Herb Gold (<i>Miami News</i>) and Charles L. Bartlett (<i>Chattanooga Times</i>). According to Nina Burleigh, the author of <i>A Very Private Woman</i>, (1998) these journalists sometimes wrote articles that were commissioned by Frank Wisner. The CIA also provided them with classified information to help them with their work.</p>
<p>After 1953 the network was overseen by Allen W. Dulles, director of the Central Intelligence Agency. By this time Operation Mockingbird had a major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies. These organizations were run by people such as William Paley (CBS), Henry Luce (<i>Time Magazine</i> and <i>Life Magazine</i>), Arthur Hays Sulzberger (<i>New York Times</i>), Helen Rogers Reid (<em>New York Herald Tribune</em>), Dorothy Schiff (<em>New York Post</em>), Alfred Friendly (managing editor of the <i>Washington Post</i>), Barry Bingham (<i>Louisville Courier-Journal</i>) and James S. Copley (Copley News Services).</p>
<p>The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) was funded by siphoning of funds intended for the Marshall Plan. Some of this money was used to bribe journalists and publishers. Frank Wisner was constantly looked for ways to help convince the public of the dangers of communism. In 1954 Wisner arranged for the funding the Hollywood production of <i>Animal Farm</i>, the animated allegory based on the book written by George Orwell.</p>
<p>According to Alex Constantine (<i>Mockingbird: The Subversion Of The Free Press By The CIA</i>), in the 1950s, &#8220;some 3,000 salaried and contract CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts&#8221;. Wisner was also able to restrict newspapers from reporting about certain events. For example, the CIA plots to overthrow the governments of Iran and Guatemala.</p>
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<p>Henry Luce, the owner of a large media empire, became a key figure in Operation Mockingbird. David Halberstam has pointed out in <em>The Powers That Be</em> (1979): &#8220;Luce&#8217;s politics hardened in the postwar years and <em>Time</em> had become increasingly Republican in its tone. He had been stunned by Truman&#8217;s defeat of Dewey in 1948. Then in the fall of 1949 China had fallen, the Democratic administration had failed to save Chiang, and that was too much; Truman, and even more Acheson, would have to pay the price. Time was now committed and politicized, an almost totally partisan instrument. The smell of blood was in the air. There was a hunger now in Luce to put a Republican back in power. It was as if Luce, between elections, stood as the leader of the opposition, a kingmaker who had failed to produce a king. The fall of China and the rise of a post-war anti-Communist mood had produced the essential issue to use against the Democrats: softness on Communism.&#8221;</p>
<p>Luce used his magazines to get Dwight D. Eisenhower elected as president. In 1953 Eisenhower appointed Clare Booth Luce ambassador to Italy; the first American woman ambassador to a major country. Claudio Accogli, a Italian historian, argues that luce was heavily involved in covert anti-communist activities with local cia personnel. Larry Hancock adds: &#8220;With no-holds barred political activism and heavy spending (including the support of the SIFAR/Italian Army Secret Service), Luce and the CIA managed to block the probable takeover of the center-left governments, an alliance between Christian Democrats (DC) and the Socialist Democratic Party (PSI).&#8221;</p>
<p>Jonathan P. Herzog, the author of <em>The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America&#8217;s Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War</em> (2011), has argued that Luce was motivated by his religious faith: &#8220;While he counted anti-Communists like Mundt, Cardinal Spellman, and Chambers as allies, he viewed the Communist threat differently. In his view, it was a symptom and not a disease. Like his wife, Clare, he understood faith as a psychological imperative sought by all people. If religious faith waned, other dogmas would take its place. The success of Communism, then, was not attributable to its message but rather to the fact that it offered people the spiritual certainty they no longer found in Christianity. All the shocking anti-Communist propaganda and shopworn tributes to democracy that America could muster would fail to arrest the Marxian surge. But if Americans filled the spiritual vacuum, if they made religious faith commensurate with military and economic power, then Communism would dissipate.&#8221;</p>
<p>Warren Hinckle has argued: &#8220;Henry Luce believed that a morally slanted press was a responsible press&#8230; <em>Life</em>, the flagship picture book of the Luce fleet, afforded photojournalism some of its finest moments, while the text accompanying the pictures that were worth thousands of words was slanted with an ideological warp sufficient to stir Caxton in his grave.&#8221; The cartoonist, Herbert Block, was equally critical: &#8220;Luce&#8217;s unique contribution to American journalism&#8230; is that he placed into the hands of the people yesterday&#8217;s newspaper and today&#8217;s garbage homogenized into one neat package.</p>
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<p>Thomas Braden, head of the of International Organizations Division (IOD), played an important role in Operation Mockingbird. Many years later he revealed his role in these events: &#8220;If the director of CIA wanted to extend a present, say, to someone in Europe &#8211; a Labour leader &#8211; suppose he just thought, This man can use fifty thousand dollars, he&#8217;s working well and doing a good job &#8211; he could hand it to him and never have to account to anybody&#8230; There was simply no limit to the money it could spend and no limit to the people it could hire and no limit to the activities it could decide were necessary to conduct the war &#8211; the secret war&#8230;. It was a multinational. Maybe it was one of the first. Journalists were a target, labor unions a particular target &#8211; that was one of the activities in which the communists spent the most money.&#8221;</p>
<p>In August, 1952, the Office of Policy Coordination and the Office of Special Operations (the espionage division) were merged to form the Directorate of Plans (DPP). Frank Wisner became head of this new organization and Richard Helms became his chief of operations. Mockingbird was now the responsibility of the DPP.</p>
<p>J. Edgar Hoover became jealous of the CIA&#8217;s growing power. He described the OPC as &#8220;Wisner&#8217;s gang of weirdos&#8221; and began carrying out investigations into their past. It did not take him long to discover that some of them had been active in left-wing politics in the 1930s. This information was passed to who started making attacks on members of the OPC. Hoover also gave McCarthy details of an affair that Frank Wisner had with Princess Caradja in Romania during the war. Hoover, claimed that Caradja was a Soviet agent.</p>
<p>Joseph McCarthy also began accusing other senior members of the CIA as being security risks. McCarthy claimed that the CIA was a &#8220;sinkhole of communists&#8221; and claimed he intended to root out a hundred of them. One of his first targets was Cord Meyer, who was still working for Operation Mockingbird. In August, 1953, Richard Helms, Wisner&#8217;s deputy at the OPC, told Meyer that Joseph McCarthy had accused him of being a communist. The Federal Bureau of Investigation added to the smear by announcing it was unwilling to give Meyer &#8220;security clearance&#8221;. However, the FBI refused to explain what evidence they had against Meyer. Allen W. Dulles and both came to his defence and refused to permit a FBI interrogation of Meyer.</p>
<p>Joseph McCarthy did not realise what he was taking on. Wisner unleashed Mockingbird on McCarthy. Drew Pearson, Joe Alsop, Jack Anderson, Walter Lippmann and Ed Murrow all went into attack mode and McCarthy was permanently damaged by the press coverage orchestrated by Wisner.</p>
<p>Mockingbird was very active during the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala. People like Henry Luce was able to censor stories that appeared too sympathetic towards the plight of Arbenz. Allen W. Dulles was even able to keep left-wing journalists from travelling to Guatemala. This including Sydney Gruson of the <i>New York Times</i>.</p>
<p>Frank Wisner was also interested in influencing Hollywood. As Hugh Wilford points out in <em>The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</em> (2008): “Fortunately for the CIA, two factors predisposed the major Hollywood studios that dominated the industry to take a responsible position in the cultural Cold War. One was a strong tendency toward self-censorship, the result of many years&#8217; experience avoiding the commercially disastrous effects of giving offense to either domestic pressure groups like the American Legion or foreign audiences. The other was the fact that the men who ran the studios were intensely patriotic and anticommunist &#8211; they saw it as their duty to help their government defeat the Soviet threat.&#8221;</p>
<p>Frank Wisner was helped by the fact that the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), chaired by J. Parnell Thomas, was carrying out an investigation into the Hollywood Motion Picture Industry. The HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood. These people attended voluntarily and became known as &#8220;friendly witnesses&#8221;. During their interviews they named nineteen people who they accused of holding left-wing views.</p>
<p>One of those named, Bertolt Brecht, a playwright, gave evidence and then left for East Germany. Ten others: Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole, Albert Maltz, Adrian Scott, Samuel Ornitz, Dalton Trumbo, Edward Dmytryk, Ring Lardner Jr., John Howard Lawson and Alvah Bessie refused to answer any questions and were sent to prison and were blacklisted from the industry.</p>
<p>The CIA and FBI also provided right-wing television producer, Vincent Harnett, with information about left-wing figures in the industry. In June 1950 Harnett published <i>Red Channels</i>, a pamphlet listing the names of 151 writers, directors and performers who they claimed had been members of subversive organisations before the Second World War but had not so far been blacklisted.</p>
<p>Lee J. Cobb was one of those actors who was originally blacklisted but eventually cooperated with the HUAC: “When the facilities of the government of the United States are drawn on an individual it can be terrifying. The blacklist is just the opening gambit &#8211; being deprived of work. Your passport is confiscated. That&#8217;s minor. But not being able to move without being tailed is something else. After a certain point it grows to implied as well as articulated threats, and people succumb. My wife did, and she was institutionalized. In 1953 the HCUA did a deal with me. I was pretty much worn down. I had no money. I couldn&#8217;t borrow. I had the expenses of taking care of the children. Why am I subjecting my loved ones to this? If it&#8217;s worth dying for, and I am just as idealistic as the next fellow. But I decided it wasn&#8217;t worth dying for, and if this gesture was the way of getting out of the penitentiary I&#8217;d do it. I had to be employable again.”</p>
<p>According to Frances Stonor Saunders, the author of <em>Who Paid the Piper?</em> (2000), Frank Wisner recruited several important figures for Operation Mockingbird. This included former OSS filmmaker John Ford and studio bosses Cecil B. DeMille (Paramount Pictures) and Darryl Zanuck (Twentieth Century-Fox).</p>
<p>Another important figure in this group was Howard Hughes, the boss of RKO Pictures. As Charles Higham points out in <em>Howard Hughes: The Secret Life</em> (2004), this was also good for business: “Hughes’s crusade against Communism” was “exacerbated by his desire to have Hughes Aircraft profit from the Korean and any future anti-Soviet wars”. For example, in June 1950, General Ira Eaker &#8220;signed an across-the-board agreement giving Hughes a monopoly in interceptors for the U.S. Air Force… despite the fact that it was in breach of the Sherman anti-monopolies act… By the end of 1950, the war had made Hughes even richer than before.”</p>
<p>Another important figure in this conspiracy was C. D. Jackson. He had joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1943. The following year he was appointed Deputy Chief at the Psychological Warfare Division at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). After the war, he became Managing Director of Time-Life International. When it became clear that Dwight D. Eisenhower stood a good chance of becoming president, the CIA arranged for Jackson to join his campaign. This involved Jackson writing speeches for Eisenhower. Jackson was rewarded in February 1953 by being appointed as Special Assistant to the President. This included the role of Eisenhower&#8217;s liaison between the CIA and the Pentagon.</p>
<p>According to the Eisenhower Presidential Library files in Abilene, Kansas, Jackson&#8217;s &#8220;area responsibility was loosely defined as international affairs, cold war planning, and psychological warfare. His main function was the coordination of activities aimed at interpreting world situations to the best advantage of the United States and her allies and exploiting incidents which reflected negatively on the Soviet Union , Communist China and other enemies in the Cold War.&#8221;</p>
<p>Jackson was also involved in Operation Mockingbird. This was revealed after the death of Jackson. On December 15, 1971, Mrs. C.D. Jackson gave her husband’s papers to the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. This included details that Jackson was in contact with a CIA agent in Hollywood&#8217;s Paramount Studios. The agent is not named by Jackson but Frances Stonor Saunders claims in <em>Who Paid the Piper?</em> (2000) that it was Carleton Alsop, a CIA agent employed by Frank Wisner. There is no doubt that Alsop was one of the CIA agents working at Paramount. However, Hugh Wilford argues in <em>The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</em> (2008) that it was a senior executive at Paramount, Lugi G. Laraschi, was the most important CIA figure at the studio. Laraschi was the head of foreign and domestic censorship at the studio, whose job was to &#8220;iron out any political, moral or religious problems&#8221;. Other studios, including MGM and RKO, had similar officers, and were probably CIA placements. In a private letter to Sherman Adams, Jackson claims the role of these CIA placements was &#8220;to insert in their scripts and in their action the right ideas with the proper subtlety&#8221;.</p>
<p>Although the main objective of Operation Mockingbird was to influence the production of commercial films the CIA also occasionally initiated film projects. The best documented instance of this concerns an animated version of Animal Farm, a satirical allegory about Stalinism by George Orwell. The book was highly popular when it was published in 1945 and it was only natural that the studios should be interested in making a film of the book. The problem for the CIA was that Orwell was a socialist whose book attacked both communism and capitalism. Therefore, it was important to make a film that restricted it to a condemnation of Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union.</p>
<p>In 1950 Wisner’s OPC arranged for Joe Bryan to recruit anti-communist documentary-maker Louis de Rochemont to produce a movie version of the tale. It was decided to get the film made in Britain to disguise CIA involvement in the project. Rochemont employed the British animation studio of husband and wife John Halas and Joy Batchelor to make the film. Most of the funding came from a CIA shell corporation, Touchstone. E. Howard Hunt was one of those agents involved in the production of the film whose role was to remove the socialist elements in Orwell’s allegory.</p>
<p>One unnamed member of the OPC sent a letter to John Halas called for the addition of scenes showing the other farms (that represented capitalist countries) in a more flattering light. The most important demand was to change the ending of Animal Farm. The CIA did not like the scene where the pigs and dogs face a liberation-style uprising of the other animals. The letter included the following: “It is reasonable to expect that if Orwell were to write the book today, it would be considerably different and that the changes would tend to make it even more positively anti-Communist and possibly somewhat more favorable to the Western powers.”</p>
<p>One of the main concerns of the CIA was the portrayal of race-relations in Hollywood movies. It was argued that the left was using this issue to undermine the idea that America was a democracy based on equal rights. Letters from Jackson sent to the producers of films called for scenes showing African Americans mixing on equal terms with whites. One of Jackson’s proposals involved “planting black spectators in a crowd watching a golf game in the Martin and Lewis comedy The Caddy”.</p>
<p>In 1955 Graham Greene published <em>The Quiet American</em>. The novel is set in Vietnam and involves the relationship between Thomas Fowler and Alden Pyle. Fowler is a veteran British journalist in his fifties, who has been covering the war in Vietnam for over two years. Pyle, the “Quiet American” of the title, is officially an aid worker, but is really employed by the CIA. It is believed that the Pyle character is partly based on that of Edward Lansdale.</p>
<p>Greene had worked for the British Secret Service during the Second World War. Although a fairly successful novelist at the time, Greene was also employed by <em>The Times</em> and <em>Le Figaro</em> as a journalist. Between 1951 to 1954 spent a long period of time in Saigon. In 1953 Lansdale became a CIA advisor on special counter-guerrilla operations to French forces against the Viet Minh.</p>
<p>While it is true that Graham Greene admitted that he never had the &#8220;misfortune to meet&#8221; Lansdale, the two men did know a lot about each other. Lansdale recalls that in 1954 he had dinner with Peg and Tilman Durdin at the Continental Hotel in Saigon. Greene was also there having a meal with several French officers. Lansdale claims that after he and the Durdins were leaving, Greene said something in French to his companions and the men began booing him.</p>
<p>Lansdale definitely thought that Pyle was based on him. He told Cecil B. Currey on 15th February, 1984: &#8220;Pyle was close to Trinh Minh Thé, the guerrilla leader, and also had a dog that went with him everywhere &#8211; and I was the only American close to Trinh Minh Thé and my poodle Pierre went everything with me.&#8221;</p>
<p>In the book Pyle is sent to Vietnam by his government, ostensibly as a member of the American Economic Mission, but that assignment was only a cover for his real role as a CIA agent. According to one critic &#8220;Pyle was the embodiment of well-meaning American-style politics, and he blundered through the intrigue, treachery, and confusion of Vietnamese politics, leaving a trail of blood and suffering behind him.&#8221; As Fowler points out in the novel, Pyle was attempting to &#8220;win the East for Democracy&#8221;. However, according to Fowler, what the people of Vietnam really wanted was &#8220;enough rice&#8221; to eat. What is more: &#8220;They don&#8217;t want to be shot at. They want one day to be much the same as another. They don&#8217;t want our white skins around telling them what they want.&#8221;</p>
<p>When the book was published in the United States in 1956 it was condemned as anti-American. Pyle (Lansdale) is portrayed as someone whose belief in the justice of American foreign policy allows him to ignore the appalling consequences of his actions. It was criticized by <em>The New Yorker</em> for portraying Americans as murderers.</p>
<p>The director, producer and screenwriter, Joseph L. Mankiewicz was chosen to make the film of <em>The Quiet American</em>. He visited Saigon in 1956 and was introduced to Edward Lansdale, whose cover was working at the International Rescue Committee’s office. The most controversial scene in the book is the bombing of a Saigon square in 1952 by a Vietnamese associate of Lansdale’s, General Trinh Minh Thé. In the novel, Greene suggests that Pyle/Lansdale, was behind the bombing. Lansdale suggested to Mankiewicz that the film should show that the bombing was “actually having been a Communist action”.</p>
<p>When he returned home Mankiewicz wrote to John O’Daniel, the chairman of the American Friends of Vietnam that he intended to completely change the anti-American attitude of Greene’s book. This included the casting of Second World War hero, Audie Murphy, as Alden Pyle.</p>
<p>In a letter that Edward Lansdale wrote to Ngo Dinh Diem he praised Mankiewicz’s treatment of the story as “an excellent change from Mr. Greene’s novel of despair” and “that it will help win more friends for you and Vietnam in many places in the world where it is shown.&#8221;</p>
<p>As Hugh Wilford pointed out: “It was a brilliantly devious maneuver of postmodern literary complexity: by helping to rewrite a story featuring a character reputedly based on himself, Lansdale had transformed an anti-American tract into a cinematic apology for U.S. policy &#8211; and his own actions-in Vietnam.”</p>
<p>Graham Greene was furious with Mankiewicz’s treatment of his novel. &#8220;Far was it from my mind, when I wrote The Quiet American that the book would become a source of spiritual profit to one of the most corrupt governments in Southeast Asia.&#8221;</p>
<p>In 1955 President Dwight Eisenhower established the 5412 Committee in order to keep a check on the CIA&#8217;s covert activities. The committee (also called the Special Group) included the CIA director, the national security adviser, and the deputy secretaries at State and Defence and had the responsibility to decide whether covert actions were &#8220;proper&#8221; and in the national interest. It was also decided to include Richard B. Russell, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee. However, as Allen W. Dulles was later to admit, because of &#8220;plausible deniability&#8221; planned covert actions were not referred to the 5412 Committee.</p>
<p>Dwight Eisenhower became concerned about CIA covert activities and in 1956 appointed David Bruce as a member of the President&#8217;s Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities (PBCFIA). Eisenhower asked Bruce to write a report on the CIA. It was presented to Eisenhower on 20th December, 1956. Bruce argued that the CIA&#8217;s covert actions were &#8220;responsible in great measure for stirring up the turmoil and raising the doubts about us that exists in many countries in the world today.&#8221; Bruce was also highly critical of Mockingbird. He argued: &#8220;what right have we to go barging around in other countries buying newspapers and handling money to opposition parties or supporting a candidate for this, that, or the other office.&#8221;</p>
<p>After Richard Bissell lost his post as Director of Plans in 1962, Tracy Barnes took over the running of Mockingbird. According to Evan Thomas (<i>The Very Best Men</i>) Barnes planted editorials about political candidates who were regarded as pro-CIA.</p>
<p>It has been argued by Larry Hancock, the author of <em>Someone Would Have Talked</em> (2006), that Virginia Prewett was a close associate of David Attlee Phillips and was involved in promoting the activities of Alpha 66, led by Antonio Veciana: &#8220;Virginia Prewett appears to have been one of Phillips&#8217; significant media contacts and certainly one of the most consistent sources of media coverage for Alpha 66 activities. The other major source was Life magazine, part of the Luce Media family managed by Claire Booth Luce&#8217;s husband Henry Robinson &#8220;Harry&#8221; Luce (a member of the Citizens Committee to Free Cuba, along with Phillips&#8217; friends Hal Hendrix and Paul Bethel). Articles by Prewitt and editorials by <em>Time-Life</em> provided the strongest challenge to the Kennedy position on Cuba and were quite consistent with the type of embarrass and back-to-the wall agendas Veciana attributed to Maurice Bishop.&#8221;</p>
<p>In September, 1963, Hal Hendrix joined Scripps-Howard News Service as a Latin American specialist. Instead of moving to Washington he remained in Miami &#8220;where his contacts were&#8221;. In an article on 24th September, 1963, Hendrix was able to describe and justify the coup that overthrew Juan Bosch, the president of Dominican Republic. The only problem was the coup took place on the 25th September. Some journalists claimed that Hendrix must have got this information from the CIA.</p>
<p>A few hours after John F. Kennedy had been killed, Hendrix provided background information to a colleague, Seth Kantor, about Lee Harvey Oswald. This included details of his defection to the Soviet Union and his work for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. This surprised Kantor because he had this information before it was released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation later that evening.</p>
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<p>William E. Kelly later explained: &#8220;Seith Kantor, a local Dallas reporter who was in the Press Bus in the motorcade, knew something was wrong as they rode through Dealey Plaza, but the bus driver refused to follow the rest of the motorcade to Parkland Hospital and instead drove to their original destination, the Dallas Trade Mart. Once there however, Kantor got a ride to Parkand Hospital, where he interviewed a number of local Dallas officials and had a brief conversation with Jack Ruby, who had frequently fed Kantor interesting leads he developed into feature articles. While the Warren Commission rejected Kantor’s sworn testimony that Ruby was at Parkland, Kantor did make some phone calls, including one to his editor at the Scripps-Howard News Service (SHNS), and there are records of these calls. Years later, in 1975, Kantor learned that the records of one of the phone calls on that day was classified for reasons of national security, so he filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request and obtained them to find out the big secret. He discovered that after taking to his editor, he was told to call another SHNS correspondent in Florida, Harold &#8220;Hal&#8221; Hendrix. From Florida, Hendrix supplied Kantor with detailed background information on Lee Harvey Oswald, who had just been arrested and named as the chief suspect in the assassination. Hendrix had more information in Florida than Kantor did at the scene of the crime, and we later learn why Kantor’s call to Hendrix was considered worthy of being classified for reasons of national security.&#8221;</p>
<p>When John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Charles Douglas Jackson purchased the Zapruder Film on behalf of Henry Luce. The author, David Lifton, points out in <em>The Great Zapruder Film Hoax</em> (2004) that: &#8220;Abraham Zapruder in fact sold the film to <em>Time-Life</em> for the sum of $150,000 &#8211; about $900,000 dollars in today&#8217;s money&#8230; Moreover, although <em>Life</em> had a copy of the film, it did little to maximize the return on its extraordinary investment. Specifically, it did not sell this unique property &#8211; as a film &#8211; to any broadcast media or permit it to be seen in motion, the logical way to maximize the financial return on its investment&#8230; A closer look revealed something else. The film wasn&#8217;t just sold to Life &#8211; the person whose name was on the agreement was C. D. Jackson.&#8221; Luce published individual frames of Zapruder&#8217;s film but did not allow the film to be screened in its entirety.</p>
<p>Soon after the assassination Charles Douglas Jackson also successfully negotiated with Marina Oswald the exclusive rights to her story. Peter Dale Scott argues in his book <em>Deep Politics and the Death of JFK</em> (1996) that Jackson, on the urging of Allen Dulles, employed Isaac Don Levine, a veteran CIA publicist, to ghost-write Marina&#8217;s story. This story never appeared in print.</p>
<p>In 1963, John McCone, the director of the CIA, discovered that Random House intended to publish <i>Invisible Government</i> by David Wise and Thomas Ross. McCone discovered that the book intended to look at his links with the Military Industrial Congress Complex. The authors also claimed that the CIA was having a major influence on American foreign policy. This included the overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran (1953) and Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala (1954). The book also covered the role that the CIA played in the Bay of Pigs operation, the attempts to remove President Sukarno in Indonesia and the covert operations taking place in Laos and Vietnam.</p>
<p>McCone called in Wise and Ross to demand deletions on the basis of galleys the CIA had secretly obtained from Random House. The authors refused to made these changes and Random House decided to go ahead and publish the book. The CIA considered buying up the entire printing of <i>Invisible Government</i> but this idea was rejected when Random House pointed out that if this happened they would have to print a second edition. McCone now formed a special group to deal with the book and tried to arrange for it to get bad reviews. It was the first full account of America&#8217;s intelligence and espionage apparatus. In the book Wise and Ross argued that the &#8220;Invisible Government is made up of many agencies and people, including the intelligence branches of the State and Defense Departments, of the Army, Navy and Air Force&#8221;. However, they claimed that the most important organization involved in this process was the CIA.</p>
<p>John McCone also attempted to stop Edward Yates from making a documentary on the CIA for the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). This attempt at censorship failed and NBC went ahead and broadcast this critical documentary.</p>
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<p>In June, 1965, Desmond FitzGerald was appointed as head of the Directorate for Plans. He now took charge of Mockingbird. At the end of 1966 FitzGerald discovered that <i>Ramparts</i>, a left-wing publication, was planning to publish that the CIA had been secretly funding the National Student Association. FitzGerald ordered Edgar Applewhite to organize a campaign against the magazine. Applewhite later told Evan Thomas for his book, <i>The Very Best Men</i>: &#8220;I had all sorts of dirty tricks to hurt their circulation and financing. The people running Ramparts were vulnerable to blackmail. We had awful things in mind, some of which we carried off.&#8221;</p>
<p>This dirty tricks campaign failed to stop <i>Ramparts</i> publishing this story in March, 1967. The article, written by Sol Stern, was entitled NSA and the CIA. As well as reporting CIA funding of the National Student Association it exposed the whole system of anti-Communist front organizations in Europe, Asia, and South America. It named Cord Meyer as a key figure in this campaign. This included the funding of the literary journal <i>Encounter</i>.</p>
<p>In May 1967 Thomas Braden responded to this by publishing an article entitled, <em>I&#8217;m Glad the CIA is Immoral</em>, in the <i>Saturday Evening Post</i>, where he defended the activities of the International Organizations Division unit of the CIA. Braden also confessed that the activities of the CIA had to be kept secret from Congress. As he pointed out in the article: &#8220;In the early 1950s, when the cold war was really hot, the idea that Congress would have approved many of our projects was about as likely as the John Birch Society&#8217;s approving Medicare.&#8221;</p>
<p>Meyer&#8217;s role in Operation Mockingbird was further exposed in 1972 when he was accused of interfering with the publication of a book, <i>The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia</i> by Alfred W. McCoy. The book was highly critical of the CIA&#8217;s dealings with the drug traffic in Southeast Asia. The publisher, who leaked the story, had been a former colleague of Meyer&#8217;s when he was a liberal activist after the war.</p>
<p>Further details of Operation Mockingbird was revealed as a result of the Frank Church investigations (Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities) in 1975. According to the Congress report published in 1976: &#8220;The CIA currently maintains a network of several hundred foreign individuals around the world who provide intelligence for the CIA and at times attempt to influence opinion through the use of covert propaganda. These individuals provide the CIA with direct access to a large number of newspapers and periodicals, scores of press services and news agencies, radio and television stations, commercial book publishers, and other foreign media outlets.&#8221; Church argued that the cost of misinforming the world cost American taxpayers an estimated $265 million a year.</p>
<p>Frank Church showed that it was CIA policy to use clandestine handling of journalists and authors to get information published initially in the foreign media in order to get it disseminated in the United States. Church quotes from one document written by the Chief of the Covert Action Staff on how this process worked (page 193). For example, he writes: “Get books published or distributed abroad without revealing any U.S. influence, by covertly subsidizing foreign publicans or booksellers.” Later in the document he writes: “Get books published for operational reasons, regardless of commercial viability”. Church goes onto report that “over a thousand books were produced, subsidized or sponsored by the CIA before the end of 1967”. All these books eventually found their way into the American market-place. Either in their original form (Church gives the example of the <em>Penkovskiy Papers</em>) or repackaged as articles for American newspapers and magazines.</p>
<p>In another document published in 1961 the Chief of the Agency’s propaganda unit wrote: “The advantage of our direct contact with the author is that we can acquaint him in great detail with our intentions; that we can provide him with whatever material we want him to include and that we can check the manuscript at every stage… (the Agency) must make sure the actual manuscript will correspond with our operational and propagandistic intention.”</p>
<p>Church quotes Thomas H. Karamessines as saying: “If you plant an article in some paper overseas, and it is a hard-hitting article, or a revelation, there is no way of guaranteeing that it is not going to be picked up and published by the Associated Press in this country” (page 198).</p>
<p>By analyzing CIA documents Church was able to identify over 50 U.S. journalists who were employed directly by the Agency. He was aware that there were a lot more who enjoyed a very close relationship with the CIA who were “being paid regularly for their services, to those who receive only occasional gifts and reimbursements from the CIA” (page 195).</p>
<p>Church pointed out that this was probably only the tip of the iceberg because the CIA refused to “provide the names of its media agents or the names of media organizations with which they are connected” (page 195). Church was also aware that most of these payments were not documented. This was the main point of the Otis Pike Report. If these payments were not documented and accounted for, there must be a strong possibility of financial corruption taking place. This includes the large commercial contracts that the CIA was responsible for distributing. Pike’s report actually highlighted in 1976 what eventually emerged in the 1980s via the activities of CIA operatives such as Edwin Wilson, Thomas Clines, Ted Shackley, Raphael Quintero, Richard Secord and Felix Rodriguez.</p>
<p>Church also identified E. Howard Hunt as an important figure in Operation Mockingbird. He points out how Hunt arranged for books to be reviewed by certain writers in the national press. He gives the example of how Hunt arranged for a “CIA writer under contract” to write a hostile review of a Edgar Snow book in the <em>New York Times</em> (page 198).</p>
<p>Church comes up with this conclusion to his examination of this issue: “In examining the CIA’s past and present use of the U.S. media, the Committee finds two reasons for concern. The first is the potential, inherent in covert media operations, for manipulating or incidentally misleading the American public. The second is the damage to the credibility and independence of a free press which may be caused by covert relationships with the U.S. journalists and media organizations.”</p>
<p>In February, 1976, George Bush, the recently appointed Director of the CIA announced a new policy: “Effective immediately, the CIA will not enter into any paid or contract relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station.” However, he added that the CIA would continue to “welcome” the voluntary, unpaid cooperation of journalists.</p>
<p>Carl Bernstein, who had worked with Bob Woodward in the investigation of Watergate, provided further information about Operation Mockingbird in an article in <i>The Rolling Stone</i> in October, 1977. Bernstein claimed that over a 25 year period over 400 American journalists secretly carried out assignments for the CIA: &#8220;Some of the journalists were Pulitzer Prize winners, distinguished reporters who considered themselves ambassadors-without-portfolio for their country. Most were less exalted: foreign correspondents who found that their association with the Agency helped their work; stringers and freelancers who were as interested it the derring-do of the spy business as in filing articles, and, the smallest category, full-time CIA employees masquerading as journalists abroad.&#8221;</p>
<p>It is almost certain that Bernstein had encountered Operation Mockingbird while working on his Watergate investigation. For example, Deborah Davis (<i>Katharine the Great</i>) has argued that Deep Throat was senior CIA official, Richard Ober, who was running Operation Chaos for Richard Nixon during this period.</p>
<p>On 18th September, 1976, Orlando Letelier, who served as foreign minister under Salvador Allende, was traveling to work at the Institute of Policy Studies in Washington when a bomb was ignited under his car. Letelier and Ronni Moffitt, a 25 year old woman who was campaigning for democracy in Chile, both died of their injuries.</p>
<p>According to Gaeton Fonzi, the author of <em>The Last Investigation</em> (1993), Virginia Prewett, who was working for the Council for Inter-American Security, a right-wing think tank, attacked the journalists who assumed that Chilean generals were involved in murdering Letelier. &#8220;She, too, suggested that Letelier may have been sacrificed by leftists to turn world opinion and U.S. policy against the Pinochet regime.&#8221;</p>
<p>According to researchers such as Steve Kangas, Angus Mackenzie and Alex Constantine, Operation Mockingbird was not closed down by the CIA in 1976. For example, in 1998 Kangas argued that CIA asset Richard Mellon Scaife ran &#8220;Forum World Features, a foreign news service used as a front to disseminate CIA propaganda around the world.&#8221; On 8th February, 1999, Kangas was found dead in the bathroom of the Pittsburgh offices of Scaife. He had been shot in the head. Officially he had committed suicide but some people believe he was murdered. In an article in <i>Salon Magazine</i>, (19th March, 1999) Andrew Leonard asked: &#8220;Why did the police report say the gun wound was to the left of his head, while the autopsy reported a wound on the roof of his mouth? Why had the hard drive on his computer been erased shortly after his death? Why had Scaife assigned his No. 1 private detective, Rex Armistead, to look into Kangas&#8217; past?</p>
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<p>In 1948 <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a> was appointed director of the Office of Special Projects. Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). This became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on &#8220;propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.&#8221;</p>
<p>Later that year Wisner established Mockingbird, a program to influence the domestic American media. Wisner recruited <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKgrahamP.htm" rel="internal">Philip Graham</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Washington Post</a></i>) to run the project within the industry. Graham himself recruited others who had worked for military intelligence during the war. This included <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKtruitt.htm" rel="internal">James Truitt</a>, Russell Wiggins, Phil Geyelin, John Hayes and Alan Barth. Others like <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/NDstewart_alsop.htm" rel="internal">Stewart Alsop</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKalsop.htm" rel="internal">Joseph Alsop</a> and James Reston, were recruited from within the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKgeorgetown.htm" rel="internal">Georgetown Set</a>. According to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKdavisD.htm" rel="internal">Deborah Davis</a>, the author of <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Katharine-Great-Graham-Washington-Post/dp/0941781135/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1205581528&amp;sr=1-4" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>Katharine the Great</em></a> (1979) : &#8220;By the early 1950s, Wisner &#8216;owned&#8217; respected members of the New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles.&#8221;</p>
<p>In 1951 <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdullesA.htm" rel="internal">Allen W. Dulles</a> persuaded <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmeyerC.htm" rel="internal">Cord Meyer</a> to join the CIA. However, there is evidence that he was recruited several years earlier and had been spying on the liberal organizations he had been a member of in the later 1940s. According to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKdavisD.htm" rel="internal">Deborah Davis</a>, Meyer became Mockingbird&#8217;s &#8220;principal operative&#8221;.</p>
<p>One of the most important journalists under the control of Operation Mockingbird was <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKalsop.htm" rel="internal">Joseph Alsop</a>, whose articles appeared in over 300 different newspapers. Other journalists willing to promote the views of the CIA included <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/NDstewart_alsop.htm" rel="internal">Stewart Alsop</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">New York Herald Tribune</a></i>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbradleeB.htm" rel="internal">Ben Bradlee</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Newsweek</a></i>), James Reston (<a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnytimes.htm" rel="internal"><i>New York Times</i></a>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAjacksonCD.htm" rel="internal">C. D. Jackson</a> (<a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAtime.htm" rel="internal"><i>Time Magazine</i></a>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/MDpincus.htm" rel="internal">Walter Pincus</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Washington Post</a></i>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAwinchell.htm" rel="internal">Walter Winchell</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_Mirror" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>New York Daily Mirror</em></a>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USApearsonD.htm" rel="internal">Drew Pearson</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlippmann.htm" rel="internal">Walter Lippmann</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAwhiteWA.htm" rel="internal">William Allen White</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYmowrer.htm" rel="internal">Edgar Ansel Mowrer </a>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>Chicago Daily News</em></a>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhendrixH.htm" rel="internal">Hal Hendrix</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_News" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Miami News</a></i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid_(journalist)" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Whitelaw Reid</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">New York Herald Tribune</a></i>), <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2031" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Jerry O&#8217;Leary</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Star" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Washington Star</a></i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Star" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Baggs" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">William C. Baggs</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_News" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Miami News</a></i>), <a href="http://www.frequency.com/video/operation-mockingbird-cia-media-control/52904298/-/5-6500564" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Herb Gold</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_News" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Miami News</a></i>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Bartlett_(journalist)" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Charles L. Bartlett</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_Times" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Chattanooga Times</a></i>). According to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAburleighN.htm" rel="internal">Nina Burleigh</a>, the author of <i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Very-Private-Woman-Unsolved-Presidential/dp/0553380516/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1205596514&amp;sr=1-1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">A Very Private Woman</a></i>, (1998) these journalists sometimes wrote articles that were commissioned by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a>. The CIA also provided them with classified information to help them with their work.</p>
<p>After 1953 the network was overseen by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdullesA.htm" rel="internal">Allen W. Dulles</a>, director of the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. By this time Operation Mockingbird had a major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies. These organizations were run by people such as <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USApaley.htm" rel="internal">William Paley</a> (CBS), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAluce.htm" rel="internal">Henry Luce</a> (<a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAtime.htm" rel="internal"><i>Time Magazine</i></a> and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlife.htm" rel="internal"><i>Life Magazine</i></a>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAsulzberger.htm" rel="internal">Arthur Hays Sulzberger</a> (<a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnytimes.htm" rel="internal"><i>New York Times</i></a>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAreidHR.htm" rel="internal">Helen Rogers Reid</a> (<a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnytribune.htm" rel="internal"><em>New York Herald Tribune</em></a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Schiff" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Dorothy Schiff</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>New York Post</em></a>), Alfred Friendly (managing editor of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Washington Post</a></i>), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYbingham.htm" rel="internal">Barry Bingham</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Courier-Journal" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Louisville Courier-Journal</a></i>) and <a href="http://www.norcalmediamuseum.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=104&amp;Itemid=108" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">James S. Copley</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Press" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Copley News Services</a>).</p>
<p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Office of Policy Coordination</a> (OPC) was funded by siphoning of funds intended for the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmarshallP.htm" rel="internal">Marshall Plan</a>. Some of this money was used to bribe journalists and publishers. <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a> was constantly looked for ways to help convince the public of the dangers of communism. In 1954 Wisner arranged for the funding the Hollywood production of <i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b/202-1031326-8447017?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=Animal+Farm&amp;Go.x=13&amp;Go.y=8" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Animal Farm</a></i>, the animated allegory based on the book written by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Jorwell.htm" rel="internal">George Orwell</a>.</p>
<p>According to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKconstantine.htm" rel="internal">Alex Constantine</a> (<i>Mockingbird: The Subversion Of The Free Press By The CIA</i>), in the 1950s, &#8220;some 3,000 salaried and contract CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts&#8221;. Wisner was also able to restrict newspapers from reporting about certain events. For example, the CIA plots to overthrow the governments of Iran and Guatemala.</p>
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<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAluce.htm" rel="internal">Henry Luce</a>, the owner of a large media empire, became a key figure in Operation Mockingbird. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Halberstam" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">David Halberstam</a> has pointed out in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&amp;field-keywords=David+Halberstam%2C+The+Powers+That+Be&amp;x=18&amp;y=16" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">The Powers That Be</a></em> (1979): &#8220;Luce&#8217;s politics hardened in the postwar years and <em>Time</em> had become increasingly Republican in its tone. He had been stunned by Truman&#8217;s defeat of Dewey in 1948. Then in the fall of 1949 China had fallen, the Democratic administration had failed to save Chiang, and that was too much; Truman, and even more Acheson, would have to pay the price. Time was now committed and politicized, an almost totally partisan instrument. The smell of blood was in the air. There was a hunger now in Luce to put a Republican back in power. It was as if Luce, between elections, stood as the leader of the opposition, a kingmaker who had failed to produce a king. The fall of China and the rise of a post-war anti-Communist mood had produced the essential issue to use against the Democrats: softness on Communism.&#8221;</p>
<p>Luce used his magazines to get <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAeisenhower.htm" rel="internal">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> elected as president. In 1953 Eisenhower appointed <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKluceC.htm" rel="internal">Clare Booth Luce</a> ambassador to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Italy</a>; the first American woman ambassador to a major country. Claudio Accogli, a Italian historian, argues that luce was heavily involved in covert anti-communist activities with local cia personnel. <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhancock.htm" rel="internal">Larry Hancock</a> adds: &#8220;With no-holds barred political activism and heavy spending (including the support of the SIFAR/Italian Army Secret Service), Luce and the CIA managed to block the probable takeover of the center-left governments, an alliance between Christian Democrats (DC) and the Socialist Democratic Party (PSI).&#8221;</p>
<p><a href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryAmerican/Since1945/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195393460" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Jonathan P. Herzog</a>, the author of <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&amp;field-keywords=The+Spiritual-Industrial+Complex%3A+America%27s+Religious+Battle+against+Communism+in+the+Early+Cold+War+&amp;x=17&amp;y=20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America&#8217;s Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War</em></a> (2011), has argued that Luce was motivated by his religious faith: &#8220;While he counted anti-Communists like Mundt, Cardinal Spellman, and Chambers as allies, he viewed the Communist threat differently. In his view, it was a symptom and not a disease. Like his wife, Clare, he understood faith as a psychological imperative sought by all people. If religious faith waned, other dogmas would take its place. The success of Communism, then, was not attributable to its message but rather to the fact that it offered people the spiritual certainty they no longer found in Christianity. All the shocking anti-Communist propaganda and shopworn tributes to democracy that America could muster would fail to arrest the Marxian surge. But if Americans filled the spiritual vacuum, if they made religious faith commensurate with military and economic power, then Communism would dissipate.&#8221;</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhinckle.htm" rel="internal">Warren Hinckle</a> has argued: &#8220;Henry Luce believed that a morally slanted press was a responsible press&#8230; <em>Life</em>, the flagship picture book of the Luce fleet, afforded photojournalism some of its finest moments, while the text accompanying the pictures that were worth thousands of words was slanted with an ideological warp sufficient to stir Caxton in his grave.&#8221; The cartoonist, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/ARTblock.htm" rel="internal">Herbert Block</a>, was equally critical: &#8220;Luce&#8217;s unique contribution to American journalism&#8230; is that he placed into the hands of the people yesterday&#8217;s newspaper and today&#8217;s garbage homogenized into one neat package.</p>
<blockquote><p><span class="graytext">(If you are enjoying this article, please feel free to share. You can follow John Simkin on <a href="https://twitter.com/johnsimkin" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Twitter</a> and <a href="https://plus.google.com/+JohnSimkin/posts" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Google+</a> or subscribe to our monthly <a href="http://schoolnet.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8fe4d6cf40a0290fe67b9edcd&amp;id=1852ec9e3d" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">newsletter</a>.)</span></p></blockquote>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbraden.htm" rel="internal">Thomas Braden</a>, head of the of International Organizations Division (IOD), played an important role in Operation Mockingbird. Many years later he revealed his role in these events: &#8220;If the director of CIA wanted to extend a present, say, to someone in Europe &#8211; a Labour leader &#8211; suppose he just thought, This man can use fifty thousand dollars, he&#8217;s working well and doing a good job &#8211; he could hand it to him and never have to account to anybody&#8230; There was simply no limit to the money it could spend and no limit to the people it could hire and no limit to the activities it could decide were necessary to conduct the war &#8211; the secret war&#8230;. It was a multinational. Maybe it was one of the first. Journalists were a target, labor unions a particular target &#8211; that was one of the activities in which the communists spent the most money.&#8221;</p>
<p>In August, 1952, the Office of Policy Coordination and the Office of Special Operations (the espionage division) were merged to form the Directorate of Plans (DPP). <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a> became head of this new organization and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhelms.htm" rel="internal">Richard Helms</a> became his chief of operations. Mockingbird was now the responsibility of the DPP.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhooverE.htm" rel="internal">J. Edgar Hoover</a> became jealous of the CIA&#8217;s growing power. He described the OPC as &#8220;Wisner&#8217;s gang of weirdos&#8221; and began carrying out investigations into their past. It did not take him long to discover that some of them had been active in left-wing politics in the 1930s. This information was passed to who started making attacks on members of the OPC. Hoover also gave McCarthy details of an affair that <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a> had with Princess Caradja in <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWromania.htm" rel="internal">Romania</a> during the war. Hoover, claimed that Caradja was a Soviet agent.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmccarthy.htm" rel="internal">Joseph McCarthy</a> also began accusing other senior members of the CIA as being security risks. McCarthy claimed that the CIA was a &#8220;sinkhole of communists&#8221; and claimed he intended to root out a hundred of them. One of his first targets was <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmeyerC.htm" rel="internal">Cord Meyer</a>, who was still working for Operation Mockingbird. In August, 1953, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhelms.htm" rel="internal">Richard Helms</a>, Wisner&#8217;s deputy at the OPC, told Meyer that <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmccarthy.htm" rel="internal">Joseph McCarthy</a> had accused him of being a communist. The <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfbi.htm" rel="internal">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> added to the smear by announcing it was unwilling to give Meyer &#8220;security clearance&#8221;. However, the FBI refused to explain what evidence they had against Meyer. <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdullesA.htm" rel="internal">Allen W. Dulles</a> and both came to his defence and refused to permit a FBI interrogation of Meyer.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmccarthy.htm" rel="internal">Joseph McCarthy</a> did not realise what he was taking on. Wisner unleashed Mockingbird on McCarthy. <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USApearsonD.htm" rel="internal">Drew Pearson</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKalsop.htm" rel="internal">Joe Alsop</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAandersonJ.htm" rel="internal">Jack Anderson</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlippmann.htm" rel="internal">Walter Lippmann</a> and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmurrow.htm" rel="internal">Ed Murrow</a> all went into attack mode and McCarthy was permanently damaged by the press coverage orchestrated by Wisner.</p>
<p>Mockingbird was very active during the overthrow of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKarbenz.htm" rel="internal">Jacobo Arbenz</a> in Guatemala. People like <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAluce.htm" rel="internal">Henry Luce</a> was able to censor stories that appeared too sympathetic towards the plight of Arbenz. <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdullesA.htm" rel="internal">Allen W. Dulles</a> was even able to keep left-wing journalists from travelling to Guatemala. This including Sydney Gruson of the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnytimes.htm" rel="internal"><i>New York Times</i></a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a> was also interested in influencing Hollywood. As <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/cla/departments/history/faculty/wilford/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Hugh Wilford</a> points out in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=The+Mighty+Wurlitzer%3A+How+the+CIA+Played+America&amp;x=18&amp;y=13" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</a></em> (2008): “Fortunately for the CIA, two factors predisposed the major Hollywood studios that dominated the industry to take a responsible position in the cultural Cold War. One was a strong tendency toward self-censorship, the result of many years&#8217; experience avoiding the commercially disastrous effects of giving offense to either domestic pressure groups like the American Legion or foreign audiences. The other was the fact that the men who ran the studios were intensely patriotic and anticommunist &#8211; they saw it as their duty to help their government defeat the Soviet threat.&#8221;</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a> was helped by the fact that the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhuac.htm" rel="internal">House of Un-American Activities Committee</a> (HUAC), chaired by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAparnell.htm" rel="internal">J. Parnell Thomas</a>, was carrying out an investigation into the Hollywood Motion Picture Industry. The HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood. These people attended voluntarily and became known as &#8220;friendly witnesses&#8221;. During their interviews they named nineteen people who they accused of holding left-wing views.</p>
<p>One of those named, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbrecht.htm" rel="internal">Bertolt Brecht</a>, a playwright, gave evidence and then left for <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWeastGermany.htm" rel="internal">East Germany</a>. Ten others: <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbiberman.htm" rel="internal">Herbert Biberman</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcoleL.htm" rel="internal">Lester Cole</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAmaltz.htm" rel="internal">Albert Maltz</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAscottA.htm" rel="internal">Adrian Scott</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAornitz.htm" rel="internal">Samuel Ornitz</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAtrumbo.htm" rel="internal">Dalton Trumbo</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdmytryk.htm" rel="internal">Edward Dmytryk</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlardner.htm" rel="internal">Ring Lardner Jr</a>., <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAlawsonJH.htm" rel="internal">John Howard Lawson</a> and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAbessie.htm" rel="internal">Alvah Bessie</a> refused to answer any questions and were sent to prison and were blacklisted from the industry.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a> and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfbi.htm" rel="internal">FBI</a> also provided right-wing television producer, Vincent Harnett, with information about left-wing figures in the industry. In June 1950 Harnett published <i><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAredC.htm" rel="internal">Red Channels</a></i>, a pamphlet listing the names of 151 writers, directors and performers who they claimed had been members of subversive organisations before the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WW.htm" rel="internal">Second World War</a> but had not so far been blacklisted.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAcobb.htm" rel="internal">Lee J. Cobb</a> was one of those actors who was originally blacklisted but eventually cooperated with the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAhuac.htm" rel="internal">HUAC</a>: “When the facilities of the government of the United States are drawn on an individual it can be terrifying. The blacklist is just the opening gambit &#8211; being deprived of work. Your passport is confiscated. That&#8217;s minor. But not being able to move without being tailed is something else. After a certain point it grows to implied as well as articulated threats, and people succumb. My wife did, and she was institutionalized. In 1953 the HCUA did a deal with me. I was pretty much worn down. I had no money. I couldn&#8217;t borrow. I had the expenses of taking care of the children. Why am I subjecting my loved ones to this? If it&#8217;s worth dying for, and I am just as idealistic as the next fellow. But I decided it wasn&#8217;t worth dying for, and if this gesture was the way of getting out of the penitentiary I&#8217;d do it. I had to be employable again.”</p>
<p>According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Frances Stonor Saunders</a>, the author of <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=Frances+Stonor+Saunders+Who+Paid+the+Piper&amp;x=16&amp;y=21" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>Who Paid the Piper?</em></a> (2000), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a> recruited several important figures for Operation Mockingbird. This included former OSS filmmaker <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ford" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">John Ford</a> and studio bosses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._Demille" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (Paramount Pictures) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Darryl Zanuck</a> (Twentieth Century-Fox).</p>
<p>Another important figure in this group was <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhughesH.htm" rel="internal">Howard Hughes</a>, the boss of RKO Pictures. As <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer)" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Charles Higham</a> points out in <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Howard-Hughes-Secret-Charles-Higham/dp/0753509717/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1225370588&amp;sr=1-4" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>Howard Hughes: The Secret Life</em></a> (2004), this was also good for business: “Hughes’s crusade against Communism” was “exacerbated by his desire to have Hughes Aircraft profit from the Korean and any future anti-Soviet wars”. For example, in June 1950, General <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWeaker.htm" rel="internal">Ira Eaker</a> &#8220;signed an across-the-board agreement giving Hughes a monopoly in interceptors for the U.S. Air Force… despite the fact that it was in breach of the Sherman anti-monopolies act… By the end of 1950, the war had made Hughes even richer than before.”</p>
<p>Another important figure in this conspiracy was <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAjacksonCD.htm" rel="internal">C. D. Jackson</a>. He had joined the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWoss.htm" rel="internal">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) in 1943. The following year he was appointed Deputy Chief at the Psychological Warfare Division at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHAEF" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a> (SHAEF). After the war, he became Managing Director of <a href="http://www.timelife.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/TopCategoriesDisplay?langId=-1&amp;storeId=1001&amp;catalogId=10001" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Time-Life International</a>. When it became clear that <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAeisenhower.htm" rel="internal">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> stood a good chance of becoming president, the CIA arranged for Jackson to join his campaign. This involved Jackson writing speeches for Eisenhower. Jackson was rewarded in February 1953 by being appointed as Special Assistant to the President. This included the role of Eisenhower&#8217;s liaison between the CIA and the Pentagon.</p>
<p>According to the <a href="http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Eisenhower Presidential Library</a> files in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Abilene</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Kansas</a>, Jackson&#8217;s &#8220;area responsibility was loosely defined as international affairs, cold war planning, and psychological warfare. His main function was the coordination of activities aimed at interpreting world situations to the best advantage of the United States and her allies and exploiting incidents which reflected negatively on the Soviet Union , Communist China and other enemies in the Cold War.&#8221;</p>
<p>Jackson was also involved in Operation Mockingbird. This was revealed after the death of Jackson. On December 15, 1971, Mrs. C.D. Jackson gave her husband’s papers to the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. This included details that Jackson was in contact with a <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a> agent in Hollywood&#8217;s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Paramount Studios</a>. The agent is not named by Jackson but <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Frances Stonor Saunders</a> claims in <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=Frances+Stonor+Saunders+Who+Paid+the+Piper&amp;x=16&amp;y=21" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>Who Paid the Piper?</em></a> (2000) that it was Carleton Alsop, a CIA agent employed by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm" rel="internal">Frank Wisner</a>. There is no doubt that Alsop was one of the CIA agents working at Paramount. However, <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/cla/departments/history/faculty/wilford/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Hugh Wilford</a> argues in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=The+Mighty+Wurlitzer%3A+How+the+CIA+Played+America&amp;x=18&amp;y=13" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America</a></em> (2008) that it was a senior executive at Paramount, <a href="http://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&amp;safe=off&amp;client=pub-1708185697831973&amp;cof=FORID:1%3BGL:1%3BL:https://spartacus-educational.com/text.gif%3BLH:40%3BLW:300%3BLBGC:336699%3BLC:%230000ff%3BVLC:%23663399%3BGFNT:%230000ff%3BGIMP:%230000ff%3BDIV:%23336699%3B&amp;domains=www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk&amp;oe=ISO-8859-1&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=spell&amp;resnum=0&amp;ct=result&amp;cd=1&amp;q=Luigi+G.+Luraschi&amp;spell=1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Lugi G. Laraschi</a>, was the most important CIA figure at the studio. Laraschi was the head of foreign and domestic censorship at the studio, whose job was to &#8220;iron out any political, moral or religious problems&#8221;. Other studios, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">MGM</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">RKO</a>, had similar officers, and were probably CIA placements. In a private letter to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Adams" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Sherman Adams</a>, Jackson claims the role of these CIA placements was &#8220;to insert in their scripts and in their action the right ideas with the proper subtlety&#8221;.</p>
<p>Although the main objective of Operation Mockingbird was to influence the production of commercial films the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a> also occasionally initiated film projects. The best documented instance of this concerns an animated version of <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=Animal+Farm&amp;x=17&amp;y=22" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Animal Farm</a>, a satirical allegory about <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSstalin.htm" rel="internal">Stalinism</a> by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Jorwell.htm" rel="internal">George Orwell</a>. The book was highly popular when it was published in 1945 and it was only natural that the studios should be interested in making a film of the book. The problem for the CIA was that Orwell was a socialist whose book attacked both communism and capitalism. Therefore, it was important to make a film that restricted it to a condemnation of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSstalin.htm" rel="internal">Joseph Stalin</a> and the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Russia.htm" rel="internal">Soviet Union</a>.</p>
<p>In 1950 Wisner’s OPC arranged for <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2003/mar/07/artsfeatures.georgeorwell" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Joe Bryan</a> to recruit anti-communist documentary-maker <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0211195/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Louis de Rochemont</a> to produce a movie version of the tale. It was decided to get the film made in Britain to disguise CIA involvement in the project. Rochemont employed the British animation studio of husband and wife <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0354691/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">John Halas</a> and <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0060742/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Joy Batchelor</a> to make the film. Most of the funding came from a CIA shell corporation, Touchstone. <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhuntH.htm" rel="internal">E. Howard Hunt</a> was one of those agents involved in the production of the film whose role was to remove the socialist elements in Orwell’s allegory.</p>
<p>One unnamed member of the OPC sent a letter to <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0354691/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">John Halas</a> called for the addition of scenes showing the other farms (that represented capitalist countries) in a more flattering light. The most important demand was to change the ending of <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047834/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Animal Farm</a>. The CIA did not like the scene where the pigs and dogs face a liberation-style uprising of the other animals. The letter included the following: “It is reasonable to expect that if Orwell were to write the book today, it would be considerably different and that the changes would tend to make it even more positively anti-Communist and possibly somewhat more favorable to the Western powers.”</p>
<p>One of the main concerns of the CIA was the portrayal of race-relations in Hollywood movies. It was argued that the left was using this issue to undermine the idea that America was a democracy based on equal rights. Letters from Jackson sent to the producers of films called for scenes showing African Americans mixing on equal terms with whites. One of Jackson’s proposals involved “planting black spectators in a crowd watching a golf game in the Martin and Lewis comedy The Caddy”.</p>
<p>In 1955 <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Jgreene.htm" rel="internal">Graham Greene</a> published <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=The+Quiet+American&amp;x=17&amp;y=19" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>The Quiet American</em></a>. The novel is set in <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/VietnamWar.htm" rel="internal">Vietnam</a> and involves the relationship between Thomas Fowler and Alden Pyle. Fowler is a veteran British journalist in his fifties, who has been covering the war in Vietnam for over two years. Pyle, the “Quiet American” of the title, is officially an aid worker, but is really employed by the CIA. It is believed that the Pyle character is partly based on that of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/COLDlansdale.htm" rel="internal">Edward Lansdale</a>.</p>
<p>Greene had worked for the British Secret Service during the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WW.htm" rel="internal">Second World War</a>. Although a fairly successful novelist at the time, Greene was also employed by <a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>The Times</em></a> and <a href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>Le Figaro</em></a> as a journalist. Between 1951 to 1954 spent a long period of time in Saigon. In 1953 Lansdale became a CIA advisor on special counter-guerrilla operations to French forces against the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/VNrevolutionaryL.htm" rel="internal">Viet Minh</a>.</p>
<p>While it is true that <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Jgreene.htm" rel="internal">Graham Greene</a> admitted that he never had the &#8220;misfortune to meet&#8221; Lansdale, the two men did know a lot about each other. Lansdale recalls that in 1954 he had dinner with Peg and Tilman Durdin at the <a href="http://www.continentalhotel.com.vn/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Continental Hotel</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Saigon</a>. Greene was also there having a meal with several French officers. Lansdale claims that after he and the Durdins were leaving, Greene said something in French to his companions and the men began booing him.</p>
<p>Lansdale definitely thought that Pyle was based on him. He told <a href="http://www.potomacbooksinc.com/Books/AuthorDetail.aspx?id=408" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Cecil B. Currey</a> on 15th February, 1984: &#8220;Pyle was close to Trinh Minh Thé, the guerrilla leader, and also had a dog that went with him everywhere &#8211; and I was the only American close to Trinh Minh Thé and my poodle Pierre went everything with me.&#8221;</p>
<p>In the book Pyle is sent to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/VietnamWar.htm" rel="internal">Vietnam</a> by his government, ostensibly as a member of the American Economic Mission, but that assignment was only a cover for his real role as a <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a> agent. According to one critic &#8220;Pyle was the embodiment of well-meaning American-style politics, and he blundered through the intrigue, treachery, and confusion of Vietnamese politics, leaving a trail of blood and suffering behind him.&#8221; As Fowler points out in the novel, Pyle was attempting to &#8220;win the East for Democracy&#8221;. However, according to Fowler, what the people of Vietnam really wanted was &#8220;enough rice&#8221; to eat. What is more: &#8220;They don&#8217;t want to be shot at. They want one day to be much the same as another. They don&#8217;t want our white skins around telling them what they want.&#8221;</p>
<p>When the book was published in the United States in 1956 it was condemned as anti-American. Pyle (Lansdale) is portrayed as someone whose belief in the justice of American foreign policy allows him to ignore the appalling consequences of his actions. It was criticized by <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>The New Yorker</em></a> for portraying Americans as murderers.</p>
<p>The director, producer and screenwriter, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> was chosen to make the film of <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052106/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>The Quiet American</em></a>. He visited Saigon in 1956 and was introduced to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/COLDlansdale.htm" rel="internal">Edward Lansdale</a>, whose cover was working at the International Rescue Committee’s office. The most controversial scene in the book is the bombing of a Saigon square in 1952 by a Vietnamese associate of Lansdale’s, General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinh_Minh_The" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Trinh Minh Thé</a>. In the novel, Greene suggests that Pyle/Lansdale, was behind the bombing. Lansdale suggested to Mankiewicz that the film should show that the bombing was “actually having been a Communist action”.</p>
<p>When he returned home Mankiewicz wrote to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._O%27Daniel" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">John O’Daniel</a>, the chairman of the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Vietnam-Lobby-American-Friends-1955-1975/dp/0807823228" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">American Friends of Vietnam</a> that he intended to completely change the anti-American attitude of Greene’s book. This included the casting of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WW.htm" rel="internal">Second World War</a> hero, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Murphy" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Audie Murphy</a>, as Alden Pyle.</p>
<p>In a letter that <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/COLDlansdale.htm" rel="internal">Edward Lansdale</a> wrote to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/VNngo.htm" rel="internal">Ngo Dinh Diem</a> he praised Mankiewicz’s treatment of the story as “an excellent change from Mr. Greene’s novel of despair” and “that it will help win more friends for you and Vietnam in many places in the world where it is shown.&#8221;</p>
<p>As <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/colleges/cla/departments/history/faculty/wilford/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Hugh Wilford</a> pointed out: “It was a brilliantly devious maneuver of postmodern literary complexity: by helping to rewrite a story featuring a character reputedly based on himself, Lansdale had transformed an anti-American tract into a cinematic apology for U.S. policy &#8211; and his own actions-in Vietnam.”</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Jgreene.htm" rel="internal">Graham Greene</a> was furious with Mankiewicz’s treatment of his novel. &#8220;Far was it from my mind, when I wrote The Quiet American that the book would become a source of spiritual profit to one of the most corrupt governments in Southeast Asia.&#8221;</p>
<p>In 1955 President <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAeisenhower.htm" rel="internal">Dwight Eisenhower</a> established the 5412 Committee in order to keep a check on the CIA&#8217;s covert activities. The committee (also called the Special Group) included the CIA director, the national security adviser, and the deputy secretaries at State and Defence and had the responsibility to decide whether covert actions were &#8220;proper&#8221; and in the national interest. It was also decided to include <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKrussell.htm" rel="internal">Richard B. Russell</a>, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee. However, as <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdullesA.htm" rel="internal">Allen W. Dulles</a> was later to admit, because of &#8220;plausible deniability&#8221; planned covert actions were not referred to the 5412 Committee.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAeisenhower.htm" rel="internal">Dwight Eisenhower</a> became concerned about CIA covert activities and in 1956 appointed <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbruce.htm" rel="internal">David Bruce</a> as a member of the President&#8217;s Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities (PBCFIA). Eisenhower asked Bruce to write a report on the CIA. It was presented to Eisenhower on 20th December, 1956. Bruce argued that the CIA&#8217;s covert actions were &#8220;responsible in great measure for stirring up the turmoil and raising the doubts about us that exists in many countries in the world today.&#8221; Bruce was also highly critical of Mockingbird. He argued: &#8220;what right have we to go barging around in other countries buying newspapers and handling money to opposition parties or supporting a candidate for this, that, or the other office.&#8221;</p>
<p>After <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbissell.htm" rel="internal">Richard Bissell</a> lost his post as Director of Plans in 1962, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbarnesT.htm" rel="internal">Tracy Barnes</a> took over the running of Mockingbird. According to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKthomas.htm" rel="internal">Evan Thomas</a> (<i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Very-Best-Men-Daring-Early/dp/141653797X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1205596822&amp;sr=1-1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">The Very Best Men</a></i>) Barnes planted editorials about political candidates who were regarded as pro-CIA.</p>
<p>It has been argued by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhancock.htm" rel="internal">Larry Hancock</a>, the author of <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Someone-Would-Talked-Larry-Hancock/dp/0977465713/sr=11-1/qid=1164185370/ref=sr_11_1/203-5540439-5919913" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>Someone Would Have Talked</em></a> (2006), that <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKprewitt.htm" rel="internal">Virginia Prewett</a> was a close associate of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKphillips.htm" rel="internal">David Attlee Phillips</a> and was involved in promoting the activities of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKalpha.htm" rel="internal">Alpha 66</a>, led by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKveciana.htm" rel="internal">Antonio Veciana</a>: &#8220;Virginia Prewett appears to have been one of Phillips&#8217; significant media contacts and certainly one of the most consistent sources of media coverage for Alpha 66 activities. The other major source was Life magazine, part of the Luce Media family managed by Claire Booth Luce&#8217;s husband Henry Robinson &#8220;Harry&#8221; Luce (a member of the Citizens Committee to Free Cuba, along with Phillips&#8217; friends Hal Hendrix and Paul Bethel). Articles by Prewitt and editorials by <em>Time-Life</em> provided the strongest challenge to the Kennedy position on Cuba and were quite consistent with the type of embarrass and back-to-the wall agendas Veciana attributed to Maurice Bishop.&#8221;</p>
<p>In September, 1963, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhendrixH.htm" rel="internal">Hal Hendrix</a> joined <a href="http://www.shns.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Scripps-Howard News Service</a> as a Latin American specialist. Instead of moving to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAwashington.htm" rel="internal">Washington</a> he remained in Miami &#8220;where his contacts were&#8221;. In an article on 24th September, 1963, Hendrix was able to describe and justify the coup that overthrew <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bosch" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Juan Bosch</a>, the president of Dominican Republic. The only problem was the coup took place on the 25th September. Some journalists claimed that Hendrix must have got this information from the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a>.</p>
<p>A few hours after <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAkennedyJ.htm" rel="internal">John F. Kennedy</a> had been killed, Hendrix provided background information to a colleague, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKkantorS.htm" rel="internal">Seth Kantor</a>, about <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKoswald.htm" rel="internal">Lee Harvey Oswald</a>. This included details of his defection to the Soviet Union and his work for the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKfairplay.htm" rel="internal">Fair Play for Cuba Committee</a>. This surprised Kantor because he had this information before it was released by the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAfbi.htm" rel="internal">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> later that evening.</p>
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</div>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKkellyW.htm" rel="internal">William E. Kelly</a> later explained: &#8220;Seith Kantor, a local Dallas reporter who was in the Press Bus in the motorcade, knew something was wrong as they rode through Dealey Plaza, but the bus driver refused to follow the rest of the motorcade to Parkland Hospital and instead drove to their original destination, the Dallas Trade Mart. Once there however, Kantor got a ride to Parkand Hospital, where he interviewed a number of local Dallas officials and had a brief conversation with Jack Ruby, who had frequently fed Kantor interesting leads he developed into feature articles. While the Warren Commission rejected Kantor’s sworn testimony that Ruby was at Parkland, Kantor did make some phone calls, including one to his editor at the Scripps-Howard News Service (SHNS), and there are records of these calls. Years later, in 1975, Kantor learned that the records of one of the phone calls on that day was classified for reasons of national security, so he filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request and obtained them to find out the big secret. He discovered that after taking to his editor, he was told to call another SHNS correspondent in Florida, Harold &#8220;Hal&#8221; Hendrix. From Florida, Hendrix supplied Kantor with detailed background information on Lee Harvey Oswald, who had just been arrested and named as the chief suspect in the assassination. Hendrix had more information in Florida than Kantor did at the scene of the crime, and we later learn why Kantor’s call to Hendrix was considered worthy of being classified for reasons of national security.&#8221;</p>
<p>When <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAkennedyJ.htm" rel="internal">John F. Kennedy</a> was assassinated, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAjacksonCD.htm" rel="internal">Charles Douglas Jackson</a> purchased the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKzapruderF.htm" rel="internal">Zapruder Film</a> on behalf of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAluce.htm" rel="internal">Henry Luce</a>. The author, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKlifton.htm" rel="internal">David Lifton</a>, points out in <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=The+Great+Zapruder+Film+Hoax&amp;x=21&amp;y=17" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>The Great Zapruder Film Hoax</em></a> (2004) that: &#8220;Abraham Zapruder in fact sold the film to <em>Time-Life</em> for the sum of $150,000 &#8211; about $900,000 dollars in today&#8217;s money&#8230; Moreover, although <em>Life</em> had a copy of the film, it did little to maximize the return on its extraordinary investment. Specifically, it did not sell this unique property &#8211; as a film &#8211; to any broadcast media or permit it to be seen in motion, the logical way to maximize the financial return on its investment&#8230; A closer look revealed something else. The film wasn&#8217;t just sold to Life &#8211; the person whose name was on the agreement was C. D. Jackson.&#8221; Luce published individual frames of Zapruder&#8217;s film but did not allow the film to be screened in its entirety.</p>
<p>Soon after the assassination <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAjacksonCD.htm" rel="internal">Charles Douglas Jackson</a> also successfully negotiated with <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKoswaldM.htm" rel="internal">Marina Oswald </a>the exclusive rights to her story. <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKscottD.htm" rel="internal">Peter Dale Scott</a> argues in his book <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=Deep+Politics+and+the+Death+of+JFK&amp;x=23&amp;y=16" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><em>Deep Politics and the Death of JFK</em></a> (1996) that Jackson, on the urging of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAdullesA.htm" rel="internal">Allen Dulles</a>, employed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Don_Levine" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Isaac Don Levine</a>, a veteran <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a> publicist, to ghost-write Marina&#8217;s story. This story never appeared in print.</p>
<p>In 1963, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmccone.htm" rel="internal">John McCone</a>, the director of the CIA, discovered that Random House intended to publish <i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b/202-1031326-8447017?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=Invisible+Government+David+Wise&amp;Go.x=9&amp;Go.y=6" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Invisible Government</a></i> by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwiseD.htm" rel="internal">David Wise</a> and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKrossT.htm" rel="internal">Thomas Ross</a>. McCone discovered that the book intended to look at his links with the <a class="brokenlink" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmicc.htm" rel="internal">Military Industrial Congress Complex</a>. The authors also claimed that the CIA was having a major influence on American foreign policy. This included the overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran (1953) and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKarbenz.htm" rel="internal">Jacobo Arbenz</a> in Guatemala (1954). The book also covered the role that the CIA played in the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/COLDbayofpigs.htm" rel="internal">Bay of Pigs</a> operation, the attempts to remove President Sukarno in Indonesia and the covert operations taking place in <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/VNcambodia.htm" rel="internal">Laos</a> and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/VietnamWar.htm" rel="internal">Vietnam</a>.</p>
<p>McCone called in Wise and Ross to demand deletions on the basis of galleys the CIA had secretly obtained from Random House. The authors refused to made these changes and Random House decided to go ahead and publish the book. The <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a> considered buying up the entire printing of <i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_ss_b/202-1031326-8447017?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=Invisible+Government+David+Wise&amp;Go.x=9&amp;Go.y=6" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Invisible Government</a></i> but this idea was rejected when Random House pointed out that if this happened they would have to print a second edition. McCone now formed a special group to deal with the book and tried to arrange for it to get bad reviews. It was the first full account of America&#8217;s intelligence and espionage apparatus. In the book Wise and Ross argued that the &#8220;Invisible Government is made up of many agencies and people, including the intelligence branches of the State and Defense Departments, of the Army, Navy and Air Force&#8221;. However, they claimed that the most important organization involved in this process was the CIA.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmccone.htm" rel="internal">John McCone</a> also attempted to stop Edward Yates from making a documentary on the CIA for the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). This attempt at censorship failed and NBC went ahead and broadcast this critical documentary.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In June, 1965, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKfitzgeraldD.htm" rel="internal">Desmond FitzGerald</a> was appointed as head of the Directorate for Plans. He now took charge of Mockingbird. At the end of 1966 FitzGerald discovered that <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparts_%28magazine%29" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Ramparts</a></i>, a left-wing publication, was planning to publish that the CIA had been secretly funding the National Student Association. FitzGerald ordered Edgar Applewhite to organize a campaign against the magazine. Applewhite later told <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKthomas.htm" rel="internal">Evan Thomas</a> for his book, <i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Very-Best-Men-Daring-Early/dp/141653797X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1205596822&amp;sr=1-1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">The Very Best Men</a></i>: &#8220;I had all sorts of dirty tricks to hurt their circulation and financing. The people running Ramparts were vulnerable to blackmail. We had awful things in mind, some of which we carried off.&#8221;</p>
<p>This dirty tricks campaign failed to stop <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramparts_%28magazine%29" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Ramparts</a></i> publishing this story in March, 1967. The article, written by Sol Stern, was entitled NSA and the CIA. As well as reporting <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a> funding of the National Student Association it exposed the whole system of anti-Communist front organizations in Europe, Asia, and South America. It named <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmeyerC.htm" rel="internal">Cord Meyer</a> as a key figure in this campaign. This included the funding of the literary journal <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encounter_%28magazine%29" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Encounter</a></i>.</p>
<p>In May 1967 <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbraden.htm" rel="internal">Thomas Braden</a> responded to this by publishing an article entitled, <em>I&#8217;m Glad the CIA is Immoral</em>, in the <i><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAsaturday.htm" rel="internal">Saturday Evening Post</a></i>, where he defended the activities of the International Organizations Division unit of the CIA. Braden also confessed that the activities of the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a> had to be kept secret from Congress. As he pointed out in the article: &#8220;In the early 1950s, when the cold war was really hot, the idea that Congress would have approved many of our projects was about as likely as the John Birch Society&#8217;s approving Medicare.&#8221;</p>
<p>Meyer&#8217;s role in Operation Mockingbird was further exposed in 1972 when he was accused of interfering with the publication of a book, <i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Politics-Heroin-Complicity-Afghanistan-Southeast/dp/1556524838/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1205597410&amp;sr=1-3" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia</a></i> by <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmccoyA.htm" rel="internal">Alfred W. McCoy</a>. The book was highly critical of the CIA&#8217;s dealings with the drug traffic in Southeast Asia. The publisher, who leaked the story, had been a former colleague of Meyer&#8217;s when he was a liberal activist after the war.</p>
<p>Further details of Operation Mockingbird was revealed as a result of the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAchurchF.htm" rel="internal">Frank Church</a> investigations (Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities) in 1975. According to the Congress report published in 1976: &#8220;The CIA currently maintains a network of several hundred foreign individuals around the world who provide intelligence for the CIA and at times attempt to influence opinion through the use of covert propaganda. These individuals provide the CIA with direct access to a large number of newspapers and periodicals, scores of press services and news agencies, radio and television stations, commercial book publishers, and other foreign media outlets.&#8221; Church argued that the cost of misinforming the world cost American taxpayers an estimated $265 million a year.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAchurchF.htm" rel="internal">Frank Church</a> showed that it was CIA policy to use clandestine handling of journalists and authors to get information published initially in the foreign media in order to get it disseminated in the United States. Church quotes from one document written by the Chief of the Covert Action Staff on how this process worked (page 193). For example, he writes: “Get books published or distributed abroad without revealing any U.S. influence, by covertly subsidizing foreign publicans or booksellers.” Later in the document he writes: “Get books published for operational reasons, regardless of commercial viability”. Church goes onto report that “over a thousand books were produced, subsidized or sponsored by the CIA before the end of 1967”. All these books eventually found their way into the American market-place. Either in their original form (Church gives the example of the <em><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Penkovskiy-Papers-Oleg/dp/0345300939/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1205597466&amp;sr=1-1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Penkovskiy Papers</a></em>) or repackaged as articles for American newspapers and magazines.</p>
<p>In another document published in 1961 the Chief of the Agency’s propaganda unit wrote: “The advantage of our direct contact with the author is that we can acquaint him in great detail with our intentions; that we can provide him with whatever material we want him to include and that we can check the manuscript at every stage… (the Agency) must make sure the actual manuscript will correspond with our operational and propagandistic intention.”</p>
<p>Church quotes <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKkaramessines.htm" rel="internal">Thomas H. Karamessines</a> as saying: “If you plant an article in some paper overseas, and it is a hard-hitting article, or a revelation, there is no way of guaranteeing that it is not going to be picked up and published by the Associated Press in this country” (page 198).</p>
<p>By analyzing CIA documents Church was able to identify over 50 U.S. journalists who were employed directly by the Agency. He was aware that there were a lot more who enjoyed a very close relationship with the CIA who were “being paid regularly for their services, to those who receive only occasional gifts and reimbursements from the CIA” (page 195).</p>
<p>Church pointed out that this was probably only the tip of the iceberg because the CIA refused to “provide the names of its media agents or the names of media organizations with which they are connected” (page 195). Church was also aware that most of these payments were not documented. This was the main point of the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKpikeO.htm" rel="internal">Otis Pike Report</a>. If these payments were not documented and accounted for, there must be a strong possibility of financial corruption taking place. This includes the large commercial contracts that the CIA was responsible for distributing. Pike’s report actually highlighted in 1976 what eventually emerged in the 1980s via the activities of CIA operatives such as <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwilsonE2.htm" rel="internal">Edwin Wilson</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKclinesT.htm" rel="internal">Thomas Clines</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKshackley.htm" rel="internal">Ted Shackley</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKquintero.htm" rel="internal">Raphael Quintero</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKsecordR.htm" rel="internal">Richard Secord</a> and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKroderiguez.htm" rel="internal">Felix Rodriguez</a>.</p>
<p>Church also identified <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhuntH.htm" rel="internal">E. Howard Hunt</a> as an important figure in Operation Mockingbird. He points out how Hunt arranged for books to be reviewed by certain writers in the national press. He gives the example of how Hunt arranged for a “CIA writer under contract” to write a hostile review of a <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAsnowE.htm" rel="internal">Edgar Snow</a> book in the <em><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnytimes.htm" rel="internal">New York Times</a></em> (page 198).</p>
<p>Church comes up with this conclusion to his examination of this issue: “In examining the CIA’s past and present use of the U.S. media, the Committee finds two reasons for concern. The first is the potential, inherent in covert media operations, for manipulating or incidentally misleading the American public. The second is the damage to the credibility and independence of a free press which may be caused by covert relationships with the U.S. journalists and media organizations.”</p>
<p>In February, 1976, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbushG.htm" rel="internal">George Bush</a>, the recently appointed Director of the CIA announced a new policy: “Effective immediately, the CIA will not enter into any paid or contract relationship with any full-time or part-time news correspondent accredited by any U.S. news service, newspaper, periodical, radio or television network or station.” However, he added that the CIA would continue to “welcome” the voluntary, unpaid cooperation of journalists.</p>
<p><a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbernsteinC.htm" rel="internal">Carl Bernstein</a>, who had worked with <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwoodward.htm" rel="internal">Bob Woodward</a> in the investigation of <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAwatergate.htm" rel="internal">Watergate</a>, provided further information about Operation Mockingbird in an article in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">The Rolling Stone</a></i> in October, 1977. Bernstein claimed that over a 25 year period over 400 American journalists secretly carried out assignments for the <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/2WWcia.htm" rel="internal">CIA</a>: &#8220;Some of the journalists were Pulitzer Prize winners, distinguished reporters who considered themselves ambassadors-without-portfolio for their country. Most were less exalted: foreign correspondents who found that their association with the Agency helped their work; stringers and freelancers who were as interested it the derring-do of the spy business as in filing articles, and, the smallest category, full-time CIA employees masquerading as journalists abroad.&#8221;</p>
<p>It is almost certain that Bernstein had encountered Operation Mockingbird while working on his Watergate investigation. For example, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKdavisD.htm" rel="internal">Deborah Davis</a> (<i><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/Katharine-Great-Graham-Washington-Post/dp/0941781135/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&amp;s=books&amp;qid=1205581528&amp;sr=1-4" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Katharine the Great</a></i>) has argued that Deep Throat was senior CIA official, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKober.htm" rel="internal">Richard Ober</a>, who was running Operation Chaos for <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnixon.htm" rel="internal">Richard Nixon</a> during this period.</p>
<p>On 18th September, 1976, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Letelier" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Orlando Letelier</a>, who served as foreign minister under <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/COLDallende.htm" rel="internal">Salvador Allende</a>, was traveling to work at the <a href="http://www.ips-dc.org/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Institute of Policy Studies</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Washington</a> when a bomb was ignited under his car. Letelier and Ronni Moffitt, a 25 year old woman who was campaigning for democracy in Chile, both died of their injuries.</p>
<p>According to <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKfonzi.htm" rel="internal">Gaeton Fonzi</a>, the author of <em><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&amp;field-keywords=Gaeton+Fonzi%2C+The+Last+Investigation&amp;x=13&amp;y=20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">The Last Investigation</a></em> (1993), <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKprewitt.htm" rel="internal">Virginia Prewett</a>, who was working for the <a href="http://rightweb.irc-online.org/articles/display/Council_for_Inter-American_Security" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Council for Inter-American Security</a>, a right-wing think tank, attacked the journalists who assumed that Chilean generals were involved in murdering Letelier. &#8220;She, too, suggested that Letelier may have been sacrificed by leftists to turn world opinion and U.S. policy against the Pinochet regime.&#8221;</p>
<p>According to researchers such as <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKkangas.htm" rel="internal">Steve Kangas</a>, <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmackenzie.htm" rel="internal">Angus Mackenzie</a> and <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKconstantine.htm" rel="internal">Alex Constantine</a>, Operation Mockingbird was not closed down by the CIA in 1976. For example, in 1998 Kangas argued that CIA asset <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Richard Mellon Scaife</a> ran &#8220;Forum World Features, a foreign news service used as a front to disseminate CIA propaganda around the world.&#8221; On 8th February, 1999, Kangas was found dead in the bathroom of the Pittsburgh offices of Scaife. He had been shot in the head. Officially he had committed suicide but some people believe he was murdered. In an article in <i><a href="http://www.salon.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Salon Magazine</a></i>, (19th March, 1999) Andrew Leonard asked: &#8220;Why did the police report say the gun wound was to the left of his head, while the autopsy reported a wound on the roof of his mouth? Why had the hard drive on his computer been erased shortly after his death? Why had Scaife assigned his No. 1 private detective, Rex Armistead, to look into Kangas&#8217; past? <a href="https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmockingbird.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></p>
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		<title>The Twitter Files: Part 9 &#8211; CIA, State Department, other Agencies Coordinated</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/the-twitter-files-part-9-cia-state-department-other-agencies-coordinated/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 26 Dec 2022 11:21:46 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Corruption Over the Years]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Top Stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Twitter Files]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Zee Truthful News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CIA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Collusion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Coordinated]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Elon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Elon Musk]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FBI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[goverment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[illegal activity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Musk]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Part 9]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[State Department]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Twitter Files]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[The Twitter Files: Part 9]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Watch the latest video at foxnews.com The Twitter Files: Part 9 &#8211; CIA, State Department, other Agencies Coordinated Twitter Files part 9: Vast web of coordination between tech giant and CIA, State Department, other agencies Latest batch of documents claim that the FBI was simply the &#8216;doorman to a vast program of social media surveillance [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><iframe title="‘Twitter Files’ part 9 drops bombshell against the FBI" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MHzwV4fMfds?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
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<h1 style="text-align: center;">The Twitter Files: Part 9 &#8211; CIA, State Department, other Agencies Coordinated</h1>
<blockquote>
<p class="headline" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em><strong>Twitter Files part 9: Vast web of coordination between tech giant and CIA, State Department, other agencies</strong></em></span></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 class="sub-headline speakable" style="text-align: center;">Latest batch of documents claim that the FBI was simply the &#8216;doorman to a vast program of social media surveillance and censorship&#8217; across multiple agencies</h3>
<p style="text-align: center;">Twitter Files Supplemental • Matt Taibbi (@mtaibbi)</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">By <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/w/scott-whitlock">Scott Whitlock</a> <span class="article-source"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/twitter-files-part-9-vast-web-coordination-between-tech-giant-cia-state-department" target="_blank" rel="noopener">| Fox News</a></span></p>
<p class="speakable">Substack writer Matt Taibbi released the latest installment of the &#8220;<a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/twitter-files-part-3-reveals-what-led-trumps-removal-social-media-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Twitter Files</a>&#8221; on Christmas Eve, detailing that coordination between the tech giant and government agencies went <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/twitter-files-part-6-reveals-fbis-ties-tech-giant" target="_blank" rel="noopener">way beyond the FBI</a>. In a massive series of tweets, Taibbi insisted that the FBI was simply the &#8220;doorman to a vast program of social media surveillance and censorship, encompassing agencies across the federal government – from the State Department to the Pentagon to the CIA.&#8221;</p>
<p class="speakable">The journalist explained that Twitter had so many interactions with OGAs (or &#8220;other government agencies&#8221; as they are called in the tweets), the company couldn’t keep them all straight: He explained, &#8220;Twitter had so much contact with so many agencies that executives lost track. Is today the DOD, and tomorrow the FBI? Is it the weekly call, or the monthly meeting? It was dizzying.&#8221;</p>
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<figure id="attachment_7227" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-7227" style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-7227" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/elon_musk_twitter.webp" alt="Many on the left are sounding the alarm about Elon Musk’s Twitter takeover. (FOX)" width="640" height="320" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/elon_musk_twitter.webp 640w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/elon_musk_twitter-300x150.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-7227" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Many on the left are sounding the alarm about Elon Musk’s Twitter takeover. (FOX)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>He explained how some of the coordination developed, specifically growing out of FBI connections: &#8220;On June 29th, 2020, San Francisco FBI agent Elvis Chan wrote to [a] pair of Twitter execs asking if he could invite an &#8220;OGA&#8221; to an upcoming conference:&#8221;</p>
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<p>Taibbi noted that it was an &#8220;open secret at Twitter that one of its executives was ex-CIA, which is why Chan referred to that executive’s ‘former employer.’&#8221; He added that &#8220;one of the most common forums was a regular meeting of the multi-agency Foreign Influence Task Force (FITF), attended by spates of executives, FBI personnel, and – nearly always – one or two attendees marked ‘OGA.’&#8221;</p>
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<figure id="attachment_7228" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-7228" style="width: 651px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-7228" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-Twitter-Bid-1.webp" alt="Twitter owner Elon Musk conducted a Twitter poll on whether Congress should approve a $1.7 trillion government spending bill. (Getty Images)" width="651" height="366" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-Twitter-Bid-1.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-Twitter-Bid-1-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-Twitter-Bid-1-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-Twitter-Bid-1-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-7228" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Twitter owner Elon Musk conducted a Twitter poll on whether Congress should approve a $1.7 trillion government spending bill. (Getty Images)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>What was discussed in these meetings? Usually &#8220;foreign matters.&#8221;</p>
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<p>But Taibbi added, &#8220;Despite its official remit being ‘Foreign Influence,’ the FITF and the SF FBI office became conduit for mountains of domestic moderation requests, from state governments, even local police:&#8221;</p>
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<p>Just as Twitter was having so many meetings with governmental agencies that it couldn’t keep them straight, the company was also inundated with FBI requests on &#8220;problem accounts.&#8221;</p>
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<p>Less than six weeks before the 2020 election, FBI agent Chan contacted Twitter exec Stacia Cardille about having identified more &#8220;Twitter handles which appear to provide misleading information&#8221; in them.</p>
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<p>Noting how unusual it all seemed, Taibbi remarked of what the latest batch of Twitter files uncovered: &#8220;It seemed to strike no one as strange that a ‘Foreign Influence’ task force was forwarding thousands of mostly domestic reports, along with the DHS, about the fringiest material.&#8221;</p>
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<p>Taibbi revealed an October 1, 2020, e-mail, just over a month before the presidential election, an unnamed Twitter exec described being left &#8220;waiting for more evidence&#8221; when it came to Russian influence claims from the State Department. This person admitted, &#8220;Our window on that is closing, given that government partners are becoming more aggressive on attribution.</p>
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<p>Taibbi offered his own paraphrase of what this could mean: &#8220;Translation: ‘more aggressive’ ‘government partners’ had closed Twitter’s ‘window’ of independence.&#8221;</p>
<p>The journalist concluded the latest edition of the Twitter Files by noting, &#8220;The CIA has yet to comment on the nature of its relationship to tech companies like Twitter. Twitter had no input into anything I did or wrote. The searches were carried out by third parties, so what I saw could be limited.&#8221;</p>
<p><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/twitter-files-part-8-platform-directly-assisted-u-s-militarys-influence-operations" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Part eight</a> of the Twitter Files showed how the platform &#8220;directly assisted the U.S. military’s influence operations. <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/twitter-files-part-7-fbi-doj-discredited-information-about-hunter-bidens-foreign-business-dealings" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Part seven</a> showcased the FBI’s attempts to discredit information about Hunter Biden and his foreign business dealings.</p>
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<h1 class="headline">FBI blasted for dismissing Twitter Files as misinformation: &#8216;Chilling&#8217;</h1>
<h2 class="sub-headline speakable">&#8216;If the FBI was smart they wouldn’t have said anything about the Twitter Files,&#8217; one user wrote</h2>
<p>By <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/c/jeffrey-clark">Jeffrey Clark</a> <span class="article-source"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/fbi-blasted-for-dismissing-twitter-files-misinformation-chilling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">| Fox News</a></span></p>
<p class="speakable"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/category/tech/topics/fbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The FBI&#8217;s claim</a> that the Twitter Files were the work of &#8220;conspiracy theorists&#8221; set off a firestorm online this week.</p>
<p class="speakable">The FBI issued its controversial response after an installment of the Twitter Files found the agency regularly contacted employees at Twitter to flag accounts that were deemed as spreading &#8220;misinformation.&#8221;</p>
<p>It wasn&#8217;t long before the agency labeled the Twitter Files themselves as &#8220;misinformation.&#8221;</p>
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<figure id="attachment_7229" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-7229" style="width: 788px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-7229" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Split-12-21-1.webp" alt="A split image of an FBI agent in an official windbreaker and the Twitter logo on a blue screen. (iStock and AP Photo/Gregory Bull, respectively)" width="788" height="394" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Split-12-21-1.webp 640w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Split-12-21-1-300x150.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-7229" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">A split image of an FBI agent in an official windbreaker and the Twitter logo on a blue screen. (iStock and AP Photo/Gregory Bull, respectively)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>A split image of an FBI agent in an official windbreaker and the Twitter logo on a blue screen. <span class="copyright">(iStock and AP Photo/Gregory Bull, respectively)</span></p>
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<p>&#8220;It is unfortunate that conspiracy theorists and others are feeding the public misinformation with the sole purpose of attempting to discredit the agency,&#8221; the FBI wrote.</p>
<p>George Washington University Law Professor Jonathan Turley said the FBI’s response was &#8220;chilling.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;It is not clear what is more chilling: the menacing role played by the FBI in Twitter’s censorship program or its mendacious response to the disclosure of that role. This week saw another FBI &#8216;nothing-to-see-here&#8217; statement to the Twitter files,&#8221; Turley wrote.</p>
<p>Journalist Glenn Greenwald summed up the FBI’s apparent position on the Twitter Files.</p>
<p>&#8220;Anyone who questions the FBI &#8212; or finds it disturbing that they&#8217;re ‘partnering’ with Big Tech on what should and should not be permitted to be said on the internet &#8212; is a hateful, crazy, unhinged anti-American conspiracy theorist,&#8221; he wrote.</p>
<p>&#8220;Un-freaking-real,&#8221; one user wrote in a mega-viral post with over 78,000 likes on Twitter.</p>
<p>&#8220;If the FBI was smart they wouldn’t have said anything about the Twitter Files,&#8221; human trafficking advocate Eliza Bleu wrote.</p>
<p>Another user reacted to the news: &#8220;When you thought the world couldn’t get any crazier, the FBI now claims that the words of its own agents in tons of emails revealed by<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/TwitterFiles?src=hashtag_click"><u> #TwitterFiles</u></a> are conspiracy theories and misinformation.&#8221;</p>
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<p>Former Rolling Stone journalist and Substack writer Matt Taibbi shared hidden communications between Twitter and FBI employees in the days surrounding the contentious 2020 presidential election. The viral Twitter thread revealed several posts that the FBI flagged as concerning for Twitter employees.</p>
<figure id="attachment_7230" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-7230" style="width: 693px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-7230" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-media-twitter-files.webp" alt="Major media networks largely skipped coverage of the Twitter Files from Dec. 9-12, 2022. (Getty Images)" width="693" height="390" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-media-twitter-files.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-media-twitter-files-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-media-twitter-files-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Elon-Musk-media-twitter-files-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 693px) 100vw, 693px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-7230" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Major media networks largely skipped coverage of the Twitter Files from Dec. 9-12, 2022. (Getty Images)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>Taibbi related a tweet from one of the accounts on Nov. 8: &#8220;I want to remind republicans to vote tomorrow, Wednesday November 9.&#8221;</p>
<p>Another tweet flagged by the FBI was an apparent joke about voting times: &#8220;Americans, Vote today. Democrats you vote Wednesday 9th.&#8221;</p>
<p>Taibbi argued that a third tweet, referenced in an email by an FBI employee, was satirical: &#8220;For every negative comment on this post, I&#8217;m adding another vote for the democrats&#8221; and &#8220;If you&#8217;re not wearing a mask, I&#8217;m not counting your vote.&#8221;</p>
<p>Three of the four accounts were suspended, according to the email chain, and the fourth account was subject to review by another Twitter employee, according to the email chain.</p>
<p><i>Fox News&#8217; Jake Gibson and Adam Sabes contributed to this report.</i></p>
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<h1 class="headline" style="text-align: center;">FBI notified Twitter about users &#8216;potentially&#8217; violating terms: Twitter Files</h1>
<h2 class="sub-headline speakable" style="text-align: center;">The FBI reportedly flagged accounts to Twitter that could &#8216;potentially&#8217; violate the company&#8217;s terms</h2>
<p style="text-align: center;">By <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/s/adam-sabes">Adam Sabes</a> <span class="article-source"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/fbi-employees-notified-twitter-workers-users-potentially-violate-terms-service-twitter-files" target="_blank" rel="noopener">| Fox News</a></span></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><em><span style="color: #ff0000;">YOUR TAX DOLLARS PAID GOVERNMENT TO GO OVER YOUR POST ON TWITTER THEN CONTACT TWITTER FOR POSSIBLE TWITTER VIOLATIONS!</span></em></strong></p>
<figure id="attachment_7233" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-7233" style="width: 649px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-7233" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/elon-twitter.gif" alt="Billionaire industrialist Elon Musk took over Twitter in late October. (Jakub Porzycki/NurPhoto, Carina Johansen/NTB/AFP via Getty Images )" width="649" height="365" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-7233" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Billionaire industrialist Elon Musk took over Twitter in late October. (Jakub Porzycki/NurPhoto, Carina Johansen/NTB/AFP via Getty Images )</span></em></figcaption></figure></blockquote>
<p class="speakable">Employees at the <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/category/tech/topics/fbi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> regularly contacted workers at Twitter to notify them of accounts that &#8220;may&#8221; constitute violations of the company&#8217;s terms of service, new Twitter Files released Friday reveal.</p>
<p class="speakable">Substack writer and journalist Matt Taibbi tweeted several internal emails between <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/category/tech/companies/twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Twitter workers</a> and FBI employees as part of the sixth installment of the Twitter Files.</p>
<p>&#8220;Hello Twitter contacts, FBI San Francisco is notifying you of the below accounts which may potentially constitute violations of Twitter&#8217;s Terms of Service for any action or inaction deemed appropriate within Twitter policy,&#8221; one email FBI employee wrote in an email on Nov. 10, 2022.</p>
<p>The email would go on to list several Twitter accounts that might violate the social media company&#8217;s terms of service.</p>
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<p>In response, a Twitter employee said that three of the four accounts were suspended.</p>
<p>&#8220;I&#8217;ve reviewed this already from the TD perspective and suspended three of the accounts for multi-account abuse and ban evasion violations,&#8221; the Twitter employee wrote.</p>
<p>The Twitter employee asked someone else at the company to review the fourth account flagged by the FBI for &#8220;possible civic misinformation.&#8221;</p>
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<p>Taibbi said that one of the accounts tweeted on Nov. 8 &#8220;I want to remind republicans to vote tomorrow, Wednesday November 9.&#8221;</p>
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<div id="google_ads_iframe_/4145/fnc/desk/art/pol/lb3_0__container__">Another email shared by Taibbi shows the &#8220;Public Sector Engagement Squad&#8221; at FBI&#8217;s San Francisco office notifying Twitter employees of &#8220;account activities&#8221; that &#8220;potentially constitute violations of Twitter&#8217;s Terms of Service.&#8221;</div>
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<p>One tweet flagged by the FBI states &#8220;Americans, Vote today. Democrats you vote Wednesday 9th.&#8221;</p>
<p>Another tweet flagged by the FBI in the email states that one user &#8220;claimed in her posts that she is a ballot counter in her state and, in additional posts, states &#8216;For every negative comment on this post, I&#8217;m adding another vote for the democrats&#8217; and &#8216;If you&#8217;re not wearing a mask, I&#8217;m not counting your vote.'&#8221;</p>
<figure id="attachment_7231" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-7231" style="width: 533px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-7231" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1242530782.webp" alt="The Twitter Files revealed communications between Twitter employees and FBI agents. (Beata Zawrzel/NurPhoto via Getty Images)" width="533" height="300" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1242530782.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1242530782-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1242530782-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1242530782-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-7231" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">The Twitter Files revealed communications between Twitter employees and FBI agents. (Beata Zawrzel/NurPhoto via Getty Images)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>Taibbi said that the tweet from the user claiming to be a ballot counter was satirical.</p>
<p>Additionally, Stacia Cardille, a former <a href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/category/social-media" target="_blank" rel="noopener">attorney for Twitter</a>, appeared to suggest in a summary of her meeting with government law enforcement agencies to Twitter&#8217;s former Deputy General Counsel Jim Baker on Sept. 16, 2021, that the FBI could share classified information with the social media giant.</p>
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<p>&#8220;I participated in our monthly (soon to be weekly) 90-minute meeting with FBI, DOJ, DHS, ODNI, and industry peers on election threats. A few items to note:,&#8221; Cardille wrote. &#8220;I explicitly asked if there were any impediments with the ability of the government to share classified information or other relevant information with industry. FBI was adamant that no impediments to information sharing exist.&#8221;</p>
<figure id="attachment_7232" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-7232" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-7232" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1154893930.webp" alt="The Twitter logo is seen on a phone in this photo illustration in Washington, DC, on July 10, 2019. (Alastair Pike/AFP via Getty Images)" width="510" height="287" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1154893930.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1154893930-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1154893930-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1154893930-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-7232" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">The Twitter logo is seen on a phone in this photo illustration in Washington, DC, on July 10, 2019. (Alastair Pike/AFP via Getty Images)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>In a statement to Fox News Digital, a spokesperson for the FBI said &#8220;The FBI regularly engages with private sector entities to provide information specific to identified foreign malign influence actors’ subversive, undeclared, covert, or criminal activities. Private sector entities independently make decisions about what, if any, action they take on their platforms and for their customers after the FBI has notified them.&#8221;</p>
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<h3><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Twitter_Files_9.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Download PDF Twitter Files Part 9</a> </span>Summary PDF and here is the PDF <a href="https://unga.substack.com/p/twitter-files-1-11-downloads-pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></h3>
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		<title>JFK Assassination &#8211; Files Released 2022</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/jfk-assassination-files-released-2022/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2022 00:32:03 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Corruption Over the Years]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Top Stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Zee Truthful News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2022]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Assassination]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Buying Votes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CIA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CIA Impaired]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Crime Family]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dallas]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Deal with the Genovese Family]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Deals with Italians]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dirty Business]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drunk]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Italian Maffia]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Jack Ruby]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[JFK]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[JFK Assassination]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[JFK Assassination Records]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[JFK Records]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[John F. Kennedy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[John Kennedy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Killing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lee Harvey]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lee Harvey Oswald]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[JFK Assassination Records &#8211; 2022 Additional Documents Release The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is processing previously withheld John F. Kennedy assassination-related records to comply with President Joe Biden’s Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on the Temporary Certification Regarding Disclosure of Information in Certain Records Related to the Assassination of President [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align: center;">JFK Assassination Records &#8211; 2022 Additional Documents Release</h1>
<p>The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is processing previously withheld John F. Kennedy assassination-related records to comply with President Joe<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-6278 alignright" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/images-1.jpg" alt="" width="194" height="259" /> Biden’s <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/22/memorandum-for-the-heads-of-executive-departments-and-agencies-on-the-temporary-certification-regarding-disclosure-of-information-in-certain-records-related-to-the-assassination-of-pr">Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on the Temporary Certification Regarding Disclosure of Information in Certain Records Related to the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy</a>, requiring disclosure of releasable records by December 15, 2022. The National Archives has posted records online to comply with these requirements.</p>
<p><strong>Accessing the Release Files</strong></p>
<p>The table below displays metadata about all the released documents. You can also <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/jfk2022.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #ff0000;">DOWNLOAD PDF</span> that has <span style="color: #ff0000;">LIVE LINKS</span> to <span style="color: #ff0000;">EVERY DOCUMENT RELEASED</span></a> <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/jfk2022.xlsx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">download the spreadsheet as an Excel file</a> cited <a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/release2022?page=36" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/release2022?page=36</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h1 class="gnt_ar_hl">The assassination of John F. Kennedy</h1>
<p class="gnt_ar_b_p">For Americans of a certain age, Nov. 22, 1963, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, joined Dec. 7, 1941, and Sept. 11, 2001, as dates that “live in infamy,” never to be forgotten.</p>
<p class="gnt_ar_b_p">President Kennedy’s death, shot from the Texas schoolbook depository by Marxist sharp-shooter Lee Harvey Oswald during a Dallas motorcade, stunned the nation and the world.</p>
<p class="gnt_ar_b_p">In Greenville, which had voted overwhelmingly for Richard Nixon three years earlier (the state went Democratic), the news brought flags lowered to half-mast across the city, tolling bells from St. Mary’s, and sobbing mourners in offices, schools, and factories.</p>
<p class="gnt_ar_b_p">During the weekend that followed, people picked up special editions of The Greenville News and sat glued to their television sets as the drama continued to unfold. They saw strip club owner Jack Ruby’s murder of Oswald on live television. They watched film of Kennedy’s flag-draped coffin being carried into the Rotunda of the Capitol and mourned with thousands of visitors from around the world.</p>
<p>On Monday, when newly sworn in President Lyndon Johnson declared a day of national mourning, they watched, many with tears in their eyes, the almost 19th century pageantry of Kennedy’s funeral procession and his burial at Arlington National Cemetery. <a href="https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/greenville-roots/2017/11/22/assassination-of-john-f-kennedy/883156001/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cited</a></p>
<h2><b>Background</b></h2>
<p>On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23467367/john_f_kennedy_is_slain_lyndon_b/">assassinated</a> in Dallas, Texas. He was shot twice while riding in a motorcade on the way to give a speech. His alleged killer, Lee Harvey Oswald, was arrested that same day but was shot to death a few days later while in police custody.</p>
<h2><b>The Assassination</b></h2>
<p>Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, were in <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23470101/president_john_f_kennedy_and_wife/">Texas</a> on a fundraising trip. After visiting San Antonio, Houston, and Fort Worth, the couple traveled to Dallas. Riding in an open car in the presidential motorcade, the Kennedys were accompanied by Texas governor John Connally and his wife. Vice president Lyndon B. Johnson was in a separate car.</p>
<p>As the president’s car passed through Dealey Plaza around 12:30 p.m., he was shot first in the neck and then in the head by bullets that appeared to be fired from the Texas School Book Depository. Connally was injured by the same bullet that passed through Kennedy’s neck. The motorcade rushed to the <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23468715/john_f_kennedy_not_immediately_killed/">hospital</a>, where Kennedy was declared <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23467442/president_john_f_kennedy_is/">dead</a> at 1 p.m. Vice President Johnson was <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23468832/lyndon_b_johnson_is_sworn_in_as/">sworn into office</a> as president at 2:38 p.m. on board <i>Air Force One</i>.</p>
<h2><b>Lee Harvey Oswald</b></h2>
<p>A little over an hour after the shooting, Lee Harvey Oswald was <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23472422/lee_harvey_oswald_is_arrested_for/">arrested</a> by police as the main suspect. In between Kennedy’s assassination and the arrest, Oswald had also allegedly shot and killed Dallas policeman J.D. Tippit.</p>
<p>Oswald, a Marxist and former Marine, proclaimed his innocence, but two days later (November 24), he was <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23469458/nightclub_owner_jack_ruby_kills_lee/">shot</a> by nightclub owner Jack Ruby on live television as he was being transferred to the county jail.</p>
<h2><b>Committee Investigations</b></h2>
<p>Kennedy’s <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23469401/funeral_for_john_f_kennedy_last/">funeral</a> was held on November 25. Almost immediately after Kennedy’s death, conspiracy theories began circulating. Johnson created the Warren Commission on November 29, 1963, to investigate the shooting. After 10 months, the commission <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23470860/warren_commission_concludes_that_lee/">determined</a> that Oswald had acted alone.</p>
<p>In 1976, the House Select Committee on Assassinations was created to reevaluate Kennedy’s death (as well as that of Martin Luther King Jr.). In 1979, this committee <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23468045/house_of_representatives_committee/">reported </a>that there was likely more than one shooter. However, afterward, the reliability of the evidence, and thus the committee’s conclusions, were questioned.</p>
<p>Learn more about the Assassination of John F. Kennedy through historical newspapers from our archives. Explore newspaper articles, headlines, images, and other primary sources below. <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/topics/cold-war/assassination-of-john-f-kennedy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cited </a></p>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">JFK assassination: Thousands of records of President Kennedy&#8217;s killing in 1963 made public</h2>
<p>The US National Archives has released more than 13,000 documents related to the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy.</p>
<p>But the White House, citing national security concerns, has blocked the release of thousands more. A batch of archives on the case had already been declassified in December 2021.</p>
<p>According to the National Archives, 97% of the approximately five million pages of the file are now available to the public.</p>
<p>The release of the latest documents was not expected to include any new bombshells or change the official conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald, a former Marine and communist activist who had lived in the Soviet Union, acted alone.</p>
<p>However, the latest cache will be useful for historians focusing on the events around the assassination.</p>
<p>Kennedy was shot and killed while riding in his motorcade through Dallas on November 22, 1963, at the age of 46.</p>
<p>Thousands of books, articles, TV shows and films have explored the idea that Kennedy’s assassination was the result of an elaborate conspiracy. None have produced conclusive proof that Oswald worked with anyone else.</p>
<p>Many of the released documents belonged to the CIA, including several that focused on Oswald&#8217;s movements and his contacts. Other documents focus on requests from the Warren Commission investigating the assassination.</p>
<p>The documents show that the US government opened a file on Oswald in December 1960, nearly three years before Kennedy’s murder and after Oswald’s failed defection to the Soviet Union in 1959.</p>
<p>In Mexico City, they &#8220;intercepted&#8221; a phone call Oswald made from the Mexican capital to the Soviet Embassy &#8220;using his own name&#8221; and speaking &#8220;broken Russian&#8221;. The documents show that Oswald was hoping to travel through Cuba on his way to Russia and was seeking a visa.</p>
<p>There were initial concerns that Jack Ruby &#8212; a nightclub owner who fatally shot Oswald two days after the assassination &#8212; might have had some connection to Kennedy&#8217;s killer. But a memo to the presidential commission investigating the assassination in September 1964, newly released, said the CIA had &#8220;no indication&#8221; that they had ever been &#8220;connected in any manner&#8221;.</p>
<p>In 1992 the US Congress ordered that all remaining sealed files on the investigation should be made public by October 2017, except for those the president authorised for further withholding.</p>
<p>In 2017, then-President Donald Trump released some, but decided to release the remaining documents on a rolling basis.</p>
<p>All remaining JFK files were originally supposed to have been released in October 2021, but President Biden postponed the move, citing delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.They were then meant to be disclosed in two batches: in December 2021 and another by December 15, 2022, after undergoing an intensive one-year review.</p>
<p>The CIA said that with Thursday’s release, 95% of the documents in its JFK assassination records collection have been released in their entirety. No documents will remain redacted or withheld in full after an &#8220;intensive one-year review&#8221; of all previously unreleased information, the intelligence agency said.</p>
<p>Biden said a review of still undisclosed documents would continue until 1 May 2023, after which date any withheld information would be released by 30 June &#8212; unless agencies recommended continued postponement <a href="https://www.euronews.com/2022/12/16/records-of-president-kennedys-assassination-made-public" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cited </a></p>
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<h1 class="headline">JFK assassination: National Archives releases nearly 1,500 confidential documents</h1>
<h2 class="sub-headline speakable">Many of the documents relate to Kennedy&#8217;s assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald</h2>
<p>By <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/n/timothy-hj-nerozzi">Timothy H.J. Nerozzi</a> <span class="article-source"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/jfk-assassination-national-archives-releases-nearly-1500-confidential-documents" target="_blank" rel="noopener">| Fox News</a></span></p>
<p class="speakable">The National Archives and Records Administration on Wednesday released nearly 1,500 confidential documents related to the assassination of <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/john-f-kennedy-jr-s-assistant-details-memorable-moments-with-her-former-boss">President John F. Kennedy</a>.</p>
<p class="speakable">The government agency <a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/release2021" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">released the files</a> via their website. Historians, political scholars and believers in a wide range of theories about <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/jfk-conspiracy-continues-fox-nation-gregg-jarrett">Kennedy&#8217;s assassination</a> immediately began poring over the documents.</p>
<figure id="attachment_6304" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6304" style="width: 720px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-6304" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/National-Archives-Rotunda-e1624589843207.webp" alt="The rotunda at the National Archives (AP Photo/Ron Edmonds)" width="720" height="405" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/National-Archives-Rotunda-e1624589843207.webp 720w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/National-Archives-Rotunda-e1624589843207-300x169.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6304" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">The rotunda at the National Archives (AP Photo/Ron Edmonds)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<p>Many of the documents relate to Kennedy&#8217;s assassin, <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2021/docid-32397036.pdf">Lee Harvey Oswald</a>. Many files also reference <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2021/docid-32204893.pdf">tensions between the United States and Cuba</a>, evaluating statements from leader Fidel Castro that allude to the possibility of Kennedy being in danger due to escalating aggression between the two nations.</p>
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<p>NARA explained in a brief statement on their site that the institution was &#8220;processing previously withheld John F. Kennedy assassination-related records to comply with President Joe Biden’s <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/22/memorandum-for-the-heads-of-executive-departments-and-agencies-on-the-temporary-certification-regarding-disclosure-of-information-in-certain-records-related-to-the-assassination-of-pr" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on the Temporary Certification Regarding Disclosure of Information in Certain Records Related to the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy</a>, requiring disclosure of releasable records by December 15, 2021.&#8221;</p>
<p>The records are scanned and available individually as PDF files. The site also offers a text search for readers looking for key subjects or phrases.</p>
<p>&#8220;The National Archives has posted records online to comply with these requirements,&#8221; the site explains.</p>
<p>Many unanswered questions remain about the <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/jfk-assassination-files-set-for-release-but-what-they-reveal-remains-a-mystery" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>Kennedy assassination</u></a> which took place on Nov. 22, 1963. In the decades since, conspiracy theories and speculation of all kinds have surfaced, adding to the swell of allure surrounding the single event that changed &#8211; and continues to mystify &#8211; the country.</p>
<p>Fox News legal analyst and host of ‘<a href="https://nation.foxnews.com/jfk-the-conspiracy-continues/?cmpid=org=NAT::ag=owned::mc=referral::src=FNC_web::cmp=article::add=JFKCC_FNC_SeriesDetail&amp;utm_source=referral&amp;utm_medium=FNC_web&amp;utm_campaign=article&amp;utm_content=JFKCC_FNC_SeriesDetail" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>JFK: The Conspiracy Continues</u></a>’ <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/j/gregg-jarrett" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>Gregg Jarrett</u></a> joined ‘<a href="https://www.foxnews.com/category/shows/fox-friends" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>Fox &amp; Friends</u></a>’ in August, telling co-host <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/c/will-cain" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>Will Cain</u></a> that the government is to blame for the skepticism — asserting that most Americans don&#8217;t believe the beloved 35th U.S. president was shot and killed by a lone gunman.</p>
<p>&#8220;The government, to this day, continues to hide thousands of assassination records,&#8221; said Jarrett.</p>
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<h1 class="headline" style="text-align: center;">US unseals thousands of classified JFK assassination documents</h1>
<h2 class="sub-headline speakable" style="text-align: center;">The documents cover a CIA surveillance operation against Lee Harvey Oswald before JFK&#8217;s assassination</h2>
<h2 class="sub-headline speakable" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">By </span><a style="font-size: 16px;" href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/h/anders-hagstrom">Anders Hagstrom</a><span style="font-size: 16px;"> , </span><a style="font-size: 16px;" href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/s/adam-sabes">Adam Sabes</a><span style="font-size: 16px;"> </span><span class="article-source" style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/us-unseal-thousands-classified-jfk-assassination-documents" target="_blank" rel="noopener">| Fox News</a></span></h2>
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<figure id="attachment_6293" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6293" style="width: 466px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6293" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Getty_JFK.webp" alt="President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963), the 35th president of the United States, relaxes in his trademark rocking chair in the Oval Office. (Getty Images)" width="466" height="262" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Getty_JFK.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Getty_JFK-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Getty_JFK-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Getty_JFK-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6293" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963), the 35th president of the United States, relaxes in his trademark rocking chair in the Oval Office. (Getty Images)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<p class="speakable">The <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/national-archives-says-missing-some-trump-administration-records" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Archives</a> unsealed thousands of formerly classified documents relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.</p>
<p class="speakable"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/category/person/joe-biden" target="_blank" rel="noopener">President Biden</a> ordered the release of 12,879 documents relating to the attack, including many from the CIA&#8217;s personality file on Lee Harvey Oswald that it maintained both before and after JFK&#8217;s killing.</p>
<p>Conspiracies surrounding JFK&#8217;s killing have piqued the curiosity — and sometimes obsession — of Americans for decades. Nevertheless, White House officials have reportedly indicated that nothing in the documents will support the two most popular conspiracies: That Oswald was not the shooter and that JFK&#8217;s killing was a government conspiracy.</p>
<p>The release is the largest since December of last year when the Biden administration released 1,500 documents, most of them related to Oswald; 12,879 <a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/release2022" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">documents were released</a> on Thursday. Fox News is reviewing the files.</p>
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<p>In ordering the release of the documents, Biden said that some documents are being withheld &#8220;to protect against an identifiable harm to the military defense, intelligence operations, law enforcement, or the conduct of foreign relations that is of such gravity that it outweighs the public interest in disclosure.&#8221;</p>
<figure id="attachment_6294" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6294" style="width: 571px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6294" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-514694762.webp" alt="Texas Rangers escort accused Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald into a Dallas police facility. (Getty Images)" width="571" height="321" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-514694762.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-514694762-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-514694762-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-514694762-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6294" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Texas Rangers escort accused Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald into a Dallas police facility. (Getty Images)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<p>The president said he directed government agencies to review &#8220;the full set of almost 16,000 records that had previously been released in redacted form&#8221; and added that they &#8220;determined that more than 70 percent of those records may now be released in full.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;This significant disclosure reflects my Administration&#8217;s commitment to transparency and will provide the American public with greater insight and understanding of the Government&#8217;s investigation into this tragic event in American history,&#8221; Biden said in the order.</p>
<p>Last year&#8217;s release was disappointing for many interested in the issue, with <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/jfk-assassination-gregg-jarrett-documents-national-archives" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fox News legal analyst Gregg Jarrett</a> stating at the time that the government had much more to release.</p>
<p>&#8220;There are some surprising results and information in those documents,&#8221; Jarrett said. &#8220;But, thousands more are yet to be released.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;The government, to this day, continues to hide thousands of assassination records,&#8221; he added.</p>
<p>Jarrett went on to assert that most Americans do not believe the official story that Oswald operated as a lone gunman in the attack, as was found in the 1964 Warren Commission.</p>
<p>Adding fuel to the fire was Oswald&#8217;s own assassination in 1963 at the hands of a Texas nightclub owner.</p>
<p>The chief topic in Thursday&#8217;s release is Oswald&#8217;s 80-volume &#8220;personality file,&#8221; a document containing essentially everything the CIA knew about Oswald both before and after the attack, according to Politico.</p>
<p>The documents also offer insight into the CIA&#8217;s surveillance operation against Oswald in Mexico City just weeks before the assassination.</p>
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<h1 class="headline" style="text-align: center;">JFK assassination files:<br />
Gregg Jarrett breaks down public skepticism over document reveal</h1>
<h2 class="sub-headline speakable" style="text-align: center;">Fox Nation&#8217;s &#8216;JFK: The Conspiracy Continues&#8217; breaks down the wider story and offers proper context to the conspiracy theories and speculation fueled by the assassination</h2>
<p style="text-align: center;">By <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/person/h/yael-halon">Yael Halon</a> <span class="article-source"><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/media/jfk-assassination-gregg-jarrett-documents-national-archives" target="_blank" rel="noopener">| Fox News</a></span></p>
<p class="speakable">The National Archives and Records Administration on Wednesday <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/jfk-assassination-national-archives-releases-nearly-1500-confidential-documents" target="_blank" rel="noopener">released </a>nearly 1,500 confidential documents related to the assassination of <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/john-f-kennedy-jr-s-assistant-details-memorable-moments-with-her-former-boss"><u>President John F. Kennedy. </u></a></p>
<p class="speakable">The tranche of documents comes amid public demands for transparency about the November 22nd, 1963 assassination, which has fueled conspiracy theories and speculation of all kinds in the decades since.</p>
<figure id="attachment_6296" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6296" style="width: 651px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6296" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP.webp" alt="Los Angeles, CA- Sen. John F. Kennedy, 1960 Democratic Presidential nomninee, thanks the Democratic National Convention for selecting him here, July 13. (Getty)" width="651" height="366" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6296" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Los Angeles, CA- Sen. John F. Kennedy, 1960 Democratic Presidential nomninee, thanks the Democratic National Convention for selecting him here, July 13. (Getty)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<p class="speakable"><a href="https://nation.foxnews.com/jfk-the-conspiracy-continues/?cmpid=org=NAT::ag=owned::mc=referral::src=FNC_web::cmp=article::add=JFKCC_FNC_SeriesDetail&amp;utm_source=referral&amp;utm_medium=FNC_web&amp;utm_campaign=article&amp;utm_content=JFKCC_FNC_SeriesDetail" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>Fox Nation</u></a> revisited that <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/remembering-john-f-kennedys-tragic-death-fifty-years-later" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>tragic day in Dallas in a special titled, </u></a>‘<a href="https://nation.foxnews.com/jfk-the-conspiracy-continues/?cmpid=org=NAT::ag=owned::mc=referral::src=FNC_web::cmp=article::add=JFKCC_FNC_SeriesDetail&amp;utm_source=referral&amp;utm_medium=FNC_web&amp;utm_campaign=article&amp;utm_content=JFKCC_FNC_SeriesDetail" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>JFK: The Conspiracy Continues,&#8221;</u></a> which outlined some unanswered questions and public skepticism historians hope to finally clarify in light of Wednesday&#8217;s document release, with thousands more yet to be disclosed.</p>
<p>Fox News legal analyst and host of the Fox Nation show Greg Jarrett said in August that the government is to blame for the skepticism — asserting that most Americans don&#8217;t believe the beloved 35th U.S. president was shot and killed by a lone gunman.</p>
<p>&#8220;There are some surprising results and information in those documents,&#8221; Jarrett said. &#8220;But, thousands more are yet to be released.&#8221; &#8220;The government, to this day, continues to hide thousands of assassination records.&#8221;</p>
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<p>President Biden in October delayed their release until this month, giving federal agencies more time to review the documents and make the necessary redactions.</p>
<p>Many of the newly released documents relate to Kennedy&#8217;s assassin, <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2021/docid-32397036.pdf"><u>Lee Harvey Oswald</u></a>. Many files also reference <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2021/docid-32204893.pdf"><u>tensions between the United States and Cuba</u></a>, evaluating statements from leader Fidel Castro that allude to the possibility of Kennedy being in danger due to escalating aggression between the two nations.</p>
<p>&#8220;He denied killing the president, was paraded before reporters and told them he was a patsy,&#8221; Jarrett said.</p>
<p>Almost immediately after the Warren Commission in 1964 ruled that Oswald had been the lone gunman, conspiracy theories began to circulate over whether he had been the only shooter and if the <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/category/tech/topics/cia" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>CIA</u></a> had been involved in the Kennedy assassination.</p>
<p>&#8220;For some Americans,&#8221; the Warren Commission was part of the conspiracy, drawn in by Johnson and FBI director Jay Edgar Hoover days after Kennedy was shot,&#8221; Jarrett explained.</p>
<p>But before authorities were able to fully question Oswald, the former U.S. Marine was shot and killed on Nov. 24, 1963, by Texas nightclub owner Jack Ruby – adding more fuel to the speculative fire that the <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>U.S. government</u></a> was hiding what it knew about the assassination.</p>
<p>&#8220;The questions were swirling about Lee Harvey Oswald, why he did it, who motivated him to do it, was he alone or was there some shadowy conspiracy involved?&#8221; Fox News correspondent Geraldo Rivera says in the Fox Nation show. &#8220;What the hell happened that day in Dallas Texas?&#8221;</p>
<p>Now, with the help of award-winning director Oliver Stone, Jarrett&#8217;s <a href="https://nation.foxnews.com/jfk-the-conspiracy-continues/?cmpid=org=NAT::ag=owned::mc=referral::src=FNC_web::cmp=article::add=JFKCC_FNC_SeriesDetail&amp;utm_source=referral&amp;utm_medium=FNC_web&amp;utm_campaign=article&amp;utm_content=JFKCC_FNC_SeriesDetail" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><u>four-part deep-dive</u></a> takes on the issue, striving to give the American people the <i>whole</i> story and offer proper context as historians and political scholars analyze the latest trove of documents. <i>Fox News&#8217; Laura Carrione contributed to this report.</i></p>
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<h1 class="dcr-18jutkh">Thousands of JFK assassination files finally released – will bombshells emerge?</h1>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Material not expected to rebut Warren commission conclusion that president was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald acting alone</h3>
<figure id="attachment_6287" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6287" style="width: 768px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6287" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954.webp" alt="President Kennedy and the first lady ride through Dallas moments before the president was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, 22 November, 1963. Photograph: Reuters File Photo/Reuters" width="768" height="461" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954.webp 1240w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954-300x180.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954-1024x614.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954-768x461.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6287" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">President Kennedy and the first lady ride through Dallas moments before the president was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, 22 November, 1963. Photograph: Reuters File Photo/Reuters</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">Historians and conspiracy theorists have been given an early Christmas present: the release from US National Archives of 13,173 documents relating to the official investigation into the 1963 assassination of President <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/john-f-kennedy" data-component="auto-linked-tag" data-link-name="in body link">John F Kennedy</a>.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">From barely legible memos filled with the crabby handwriting of CIA agents, through reports on secret meetings with Russian diplomats, to painstaking detective work on the movements of Lee Harvey Oswald, the <a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/release2022" data-link-name="in body link">trove of documents</a> will keep JFK assassination obsessives busy for months. Few expect bombshells among the pile, however.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">The newly declassified materials are unlikely to disturb the conclusion of the 1964 Warren commission charged with getting to the bottom of the outrage. It found that Oswald, a former Marine and communist who defected to the Soviet Union, had killed Kennedy, acting alone, by firing three shots as the 46-year-old Democratic US president rode in an open-top limousine through Dealey Plaza in <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/dallas" data-component="auto-linked-tag" data-link-name="in body link">Dallas</a> on 22 November 1963.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">One of the <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2022/104-10005-10182.pdf" data-link-name="in body link">newly released documents</a>, dating from September 1964, underlines that point. At the request of the commission, the CIA had searched its own files for any connection between Oswald and Jack Ruby, the local nightclub owner who shot and killed Oswald on live television in the basement of Dallas police headquarters two days after the Kennedy assassination.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">“Examination of Central Intelligence Agency files has produced no information on Jack RUBY or his activities,” the document states. “The Central Intelligence Agency has no indication that RUBY and Lee Harvey OSWALD ever knew each other, were associated, or might have been connected in any manner.”</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">Thursday’s release of thousands of documents means that 95% of the CIA’s records on the assassination are now available to the public. As a final step there will be an “intensive one-year review” of any remaining closed files before a complete opening of the books by 30 June 2023.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">The unveiling of the CIA documents has been delayed for years. In 1992, Congress ordered their full release by October 2017, but the deadline was pushed back by presidential decrees from both Donald Trump and Joe Biden.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">Such postponements have allowed conspiracy theories to flourish. Some of the most instantly intriguing material in the newly-released stash concerns the proliferation of conspiracy theories and misinformation around the assassination. Over the years there have been umpteen lurid suggestions of who was responsible, ranging from the Cubans, the Soviet Union and the Mafia to the Teamsters union boss Jimmy Hoffa – and the CIA itself.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">A <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2022/104-10005-10098.pdf" data-link-name="in body link">file marked “secret”</a> from September 1964 gives clues as to how lurid stories spread quickly in the months after Kennedy died. CIA agents in Stockholm reported back to HQ on their quizzing of an unnamed subject who had been reported in the Swedish newspapers to have said that he had lived in Cuba for many years and had advance knowledge of the assassination.</p>
<figure id="12069066-3e9e-43e2-980a-e18048cf23a8" class=" dcr-173mewl" data-spacefinder-role="inline" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement">
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<figure id="attachment_6289" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6289" style="width: 408px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6289" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193.webp" alt="Lee Harvey Oswald, who the Warren commission said acted alone in killing President Kennedy. Photograph: Reuters" width="408" height="245" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193.webp 1240w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193-300x180.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193-1024x614.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193-768x461.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6289" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Lee Harvey Oswald, who the Warren commission said acted alone in killing President Kennedy. Photograph: Reuters</span></em></figcaption></figure>
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<p class="dcr-h26idz">The agents wrote: “When asked whether he had foretold assassination of Kennedy, he denied quote ascribed to him and said could not recall any similar statements. Said he knew nothing of assassination before it happened … Appeared slightly embarrassed as if ashamed of statements he made while drunk.”</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">A separate document also from September 1964 described a meeting between a Soviet diplomat in Helsinki, Felix Karasev, and US officials. The encounter began with the US-Soviet officials waging a couple of bets on the Olympics which were to be held the following month in Tokyo.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">“Will necessitate two drinking parties,” the official memo drily noted.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">Talk then turned to the Oswald case. The US officials suggested to Karasev that maybe there was Soviet involvement behind Oswald’s actions, and he replied: “This would have been possible if Oswald had been in China, but not in the Soviet Union.”</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">Karasev then counter-attacked that “he could not help but believe that Ruby was tool of ‘reactionary forces’”, and that it would have been impossible for him to shoot Oswald “without assistance of some US officials”. The Americans “tried debunk this impression, but Karasev held to his views”.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">The new files also record conspiracy theories swirling years after the Warren commission. A <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2022/104-10012-10027.pdf" data-link-name="in body link">secret document from March 1978</a> refers to an article in the Guardian reporting on a BBC documentary.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">The film explored the possibility that the assassination was a spinoff from a CIA/mafia plot to murder Cuba’s Fidel Castro. It claimed links between Oswald, the CIA and the Soviet KGB.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">The US officials who wrote the memo warned that the documentary had been “presented in prestigious [BBC current affairs program] ‘Panorama’ slot which has wide and large audience. Will have considerable impact on viewers.”</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">Fast forward to today, and the “who killed JFK?” industry remains in robust health. Hours after Biden released the new files, Tucker Carlson, Fox News’s conspiracy theorist-in-chief, began his primetime show by <a href="https://xn--7ug/%20which%20Carlson%20stressed%20was%20absolutely%20not%20a%20conspiracy%20theory%20%E2%80%93" data-link-name="in body link">telling his 3 million viewers</a> that the CIA did it.</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">Carlson had talked to an “unnamed source” with direct knowledge of the JFK files the CIA was still hiding. The informed view of the “source” was that “the CIA was involved in the Kennedy assassination. It’s a whole different country from what we thought it was. It’s all fake.”</p>
<p class="dcr-h26idz">Lest anyone had any doubts, Carlson emphasised the credibility of the “source”. “This is not a ‘conspiracy theorist’ we spoke to. Not even close,” he said. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/dec/16/jfk-kennedy-assasination-new-documents-national-archive" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cited</a></p>
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<h1>More than 13,000 new JFK files released; hundreds more held back</h1>
<p class="article__subhead css-1wt8oh6"><em>Record release not expected to give major revelations about the assassination of US President John F Kennedy nearly 60 years ago.</em></p>
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<p>Thousands of documents related to the 1963 assassination of US President John F Kennedy were released but many other sensitive <a href="https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2023/nr23-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener">records</a> on the killing were kept secret for another year for “national security” reasons.</p>
<p>The release of 13,173 documents on Thursday was not expected to include any new bombshells or change the conclusion reached by the commission led by Chief Justice Earl Warren that <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/11/23/us-marks-50th-anniversary-of-jfks-killing">Lee Harvey Oswald</a>, a former Marine and communist activist who had lived in the erstwhile Soviet Union, acted alone.</p>
<p>However, the latest cache will be useful for historians focusing on the events around the assassination.</p>
<p>Kennedy was shot dead while riding in his motorcade through Dallas on November 22, 1963, at the age of 46. Thousands of books, articles, TV shows and films have explored the idea that Kennedy’s assassination was the result of an elaborate conspiracy.</p>
<p>None has produced conclusive proof that Oswald – who was fatally shot by nightclub owner Jack Ruby two days after Kennedy’s killing – worked with anyone else, although they retain a powerful cultural currency.</p>
<h2>CIA</h2>
<p>Many of the documents released on Thursday belonged to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), including several that focused on Oswald’s movements and his contacts.</p>
<p>Other documents focus on requests from the Warren Commission investigating the assassination. The documents show the US government opened a so-called 201 file on Oswald in December 1960, nearly three years before Kennedy’s murder and after Oswald’s failed defection to the Soviet Union in 1959.</p>
<p>Some 515 documents remained withheld in full and another 2,545 withheld in part, <a href="https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2023/nr23-14" target="_blank" rel="noopener">said</a> the National Archives.</p>
<p>Jefferson Morley, vice president of the Mary Ferrell Foundation that sued the Biden administration in October over the delay of the document drop, questioned why decades later there are still redactions and blocked information on Kennedy’s murder.</p>
<p>“What the CIA has hidden,” is whether the CIA had “operational interest in Oswald” at the time of the assassination, Morley <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/15/jfk-assassination-documents-released/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">told</a> the Washington Post.</p>
<p>A December 1963 document described how CIA officials in Mexico City “intercepted a telephone call” Oswald made in October from that city to the Soviet embassy there “using his own name” and speaking “broken Russian”.</p>
<p>Oswald was hoping to travel through Cuba on his way to Russia and was seeking a visa, documents show. There were initial concerns that Ruby, Oswald’s killer, might have had some connection to Oswald.</p>
<p>But a newly released September 1964 memo to the presidential commission investigating the assassination said “the Central Intelligence Agency has no indication that Ruby and Lee Harvey Oswald ever knew each other, were associated, or might have been connected in any manner”.</p>
<p>Congress in 1992 had ordered that all remaining sealed files pertaining to the investigation into Kennedy’s death should be fully opened to the public through the National Archives in 25 years, by October 26, 2017, except for those the president authorised for further withholding. In 2017, then-President Donald Trump released a cache of records, but decided to release the remaining documents on a rolling basis.</p>
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<h2>95 percent of documents</h2>
<p>All of the remaining JFK files were originally supposed to have been released in October 2021. Biden postponed that planned release, citing delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and announced they would be instead disclosed in two batches: one on December 15, 2021, and another by December 15, 2022, after undergoing an intensive one-year review.</p>
<p>With Thursday’s release, 95 percent of the documents in the CIA’s JFK assassination records collection will have been released in their entirety, a CIA spokesperson said in a statement, and no documents will remain redacted or withheld in full after an “intensive one-year review” of all previously unreleased information.</p>
<p>In a memorandum, Biden said until May 1, 2023, the National Archives and relevant agencies “shall jointly review the remaining redactions in the records that had not been publicly disclosed”.After that review, “any information withheld from public disclosure that agencies do not recommend for continued postponement” will be released by June 30, 2023. <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/16/us-national-archive-releases-new-files-over-john-f-kennedy-dead" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cited</a></p>
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<h1 class="post-headline ">The Secret Service may have been &#8216;impaired&#8217; the day JFK was assassinated</h1>
<p>Some of the Secret Service members in charge of protecting President John F. Kennedy might have been impaired the day he was killed. That&#8217;s what author <a href="http://www.susancheever.com/works.htm" rel=" nofollow" data-analytics-module="body_link">Susan Cheever</a> says in her new book &#8220;<a href="https://affiliate.insider.com/?postID=561fd3aa69bedd3f304c289f&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2F1455513873%3Fkeywords%3Ddrinking%2520in%2520america%26qid%3D1444926553%26ref_%3Dsr_1_1%26sr%3D8-1&amp;amazonTrackingID=null&amp;vikingID=561fd3aa69bedd3f304c289f&amp;platform=browser&amp;sc=false&amp;disabled=false&amp;sessionID=16714067842429nujceh8" rel="nofollow sponsored noindex" data-analytics-module="body_link">Drinking in America: Our Secret History</a>.&#8221; Following is a transcript of the video.</p>
<p><strong>Susan Cheever:</strong> The Secret Service men who were guarding the presidential motorcade, who are in the follow-up car to JFK and Jacqueline Kennedy during the Dallas motorcade in 1963, had been out drinking until 2, 3, 4, 5 in the morning. So those guys who were responsible for saving the lives of JFK and Jacqueline were clearly impaired.</p>
<p>What happened was the night before they were all in Fort Worth with the president. They hadn&#8217;t gotten anything to eat all day. So after the president and first lady went to bed seven of the Secret Service men went out looking for food. And first they went to the Fort Worth Press Club where they had heard there would be some food, but there wasn&#8217;t any. So they had a beer, a couple scotches. whatever, and then some of them went back to the hotel and a few of them went on to another club called the Cellar Coffee House.</p>
<p>Which Chief Justice Earl Warren was furious about this when he found out. And in the Warren Commission report there is Chief Justice Earl Warren exploding about this and he calls the Cellar Coffee House some hippie joint, right.</p>
<p>So some of them stayed at the Cellar Coffee House until 5 in the morning for a 8:48 call. So you know, if you&#8217;re up until 5 in the morning, if you&#8217;ve had anything to drink, you&#8217;re not your best self at noon or 1230 the next day. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/secret-service-impaired-what-happened-before-the-jfk-assassination-2015-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cited </a></p>
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<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6280" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK-motorcade-3-d878536.jpg" alt="" width="782" height="518" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK-motorcade-3-d878536.jpg 800w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK-motorcade-3-d878536-300x199.jpg 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK-motorcade-3-d878536-768x509.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px" /></p>
<figure id="attachment_6279" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6279" style="width: 786px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6279" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFKAssassination_3.jpg" alt="Newspaper coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (Terre Haute Tribune, via Newspapers.com)" width="786" height="809" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFKAssassination_3.jpg 1249w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFKAssassination_3-291x300.jpg 291w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFKAssassination_3-995x1024.jpg 995w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFKAssassination_3-768x791.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6279" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Newspaper coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (Terre Haute Tribune, via Newspapers.com)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
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<figure id="attachment_6277" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6277" style="width: 785px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6277" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/gettyimages-615320542-612x612-1.jpg" alt="" width="785" height="607" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/gettyimages-615320542-612x612-1.jpg 612w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/gettyimages-615320542-612x612-1-300x232.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6277" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">The interior of the Presidential limousine after the Kennedy assassination. Included as an exhibit for the Warren Commission. Ca. November, 1963. (Photo by © CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6276" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/archiva-front-page-of-jfk-assassination-768138782.jpg" alt="" width="786" height="975" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/archiva-front-page-of-jfk-assassination-768138782.jpg 615w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/archiva-front-page-of-jfk-assassination-768138782-242x300.jpg 242w" sizes="(max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6275" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/221212-john-f-kennedy-al-1218-e390ab.jpg" alt="" width="760" height="505" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/221212-john-f-kennedy-al-1218-e390ab.jpg 760w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/221212-john-f-kennedy-al-1218-e390ab-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6274" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/131030-jfk-jackie-texas-1963-141-1024x667-1.jpg" alt="" width="781" height="509" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/131030-jfk-jackie-texas-1963-141-1024x667-1.jpg 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/131030-jfk-jackie-texas-1963-141-1024x667-1-300x195.jpg 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/131030-jfk-jackie-texas-1963-141-1024x667-1-768x500.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6273" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/64549e6c74ffe7957a3587f50cf95096.jpg" alt="" width="780" height="585" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/64549e6c74ffe7957a3587f50cf95096.jpg 641w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/64549e6c74ffe7957a3587f50cf95096-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6284" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ss-171024-jfk-assassination-day-22.jpg" alt="" width="785" height="623" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ss-171024-jfk-assassination-day-22.jpg 2500w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ss-171024-jfk-assassination-day-22-300x238.jpg 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ss-171024-jfk-assassination-day-22-1024x813.jpg 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ss-171024-jfk-assassination-day-22-768x610.jpg 768w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ss-171024-jfk-assassination-day-22-1536x1220.jpg 1536w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ss-171024-jfk-assassination-day-22-2048x1627.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6271" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1124_conspiracy_cog-1000x547-1.jpg" alt="" width="784" height="429" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1124_conspiracy_cog-1000x547-1.jpg 1000w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1124_conspiracy_cog-1000x547-1-300x164.jpg 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1124_conspiracy_cog-1000x547-1-768x420.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6298" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Screenshot-2015-10-20-at-3.06.04-PM.webp" alt="" width="783" height="587" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Screenshot-2015-10-20-at-3.06.04-PM.webp 1200w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Screenshot-2015-10-20-at-3.06.04-PM-300x225.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Screenshot-2015-10-20-at-3.06.04-PM-1024x768.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Screenshot-2015-10-20-at-3.06.04-PM-768x576.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 783px) 100vw, 783px" /></p>
<figure id="attachment_6297" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6297" style="width: 784px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6297" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/national-archives.webp" alt="The exterior of the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C., on Sept. 16, 2022. (Sarah Silbiger for The Washington Post via Getty Images)" width="784" height="441" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/national-archives.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/national-archives-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/national-archives-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/national-archives-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6297" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">The exterior of the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C., on Sept. 16, 2022. (Sarah Silbiger for The Washington Post via Getty Images)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_6296" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6296" style="width: 784px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6296" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP.webp" alt="The US National Archives has released more than 13,000 documents related to the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. But the White House, citing national security concerns, has blocked the release of thousands more. A batch of archives on the case had already been declassified in December 2021. According to the National Archives, 97% of the approximately five million pages of the file are now available to the public. The release of the latest documents was not expected to include any new bombshells or change the official conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald, a former Marine and communist activist who had lived in the Soviet Union, acted alone. However, the latest cache will be useful for historians focusing on the events around the assassination. Kennedy was shot and killed while riding in his motorcade through Dallas on November 22, 1963, at the age of 46. Thousands of books, articles, TV shows and films have explored the idea that Kennedy’s assassination was the result of an elaborate conspiracy. None have produced conclusive proof that Oswald worked with anyone else. Many of the released documents belonged to the CIA, including several that focused on Oswald's movements and his contacts. Other documents focus on requests from the Warren Commission investigating the assassination. The documents show that the US government opened a file on Oswald in December 1960, nearly three years before Kennedy’s murder and after Oswald’s failed defection to the Soviet Union in 1959. In Mexico City, they &quot;intercepted&quot; a phone call Oswald made from the Mexican capital to the Soviet Embassy &quot;using his own name&quot; and speaking &quot;broken Russian&quot;. The documents show that Oswald was hoping to travel through Cuba on his way to Russia and was seeking a visa. There were initial concerns that Jack Ruby -- a nightclub owner who fatally shot Oswald two days after the assassination -- might have had some connection to Kennedy's killer. But a memo to the presidential commission investigating the assassination in September 1964, newly released, said the CIA had &quot;no indication&quot; that they had ever been &quot;connected in any manner&quot;. In 1992 the US Congress ordered that all remaining sealed files on the investigation should be made public by October 2017, except for those the president authorised for further withholding. In 2017, then-President Donald Trump released some, but decided to release the remaining documents on a rolling basis. All remaining JFK files were originally supposed to have been released in October 2021, but President Biden postponed the move, citing delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.They were then meant to be disclosed in two batches: in December 2021 and another by December 15, 2022, after undergoing an intensive one-year review. The CIA said that with Thursday’s release, 95% of the documents in its JFK assassination records collection have been released in their entirety. No documents will remain redacted or withheld in full after an &quot;intensive one-year review&quot; of all previously unreleased information, the intelligence agency said. Biden said a review of still undisclosed documents would continue until 1 May 2023, after which date any withheld information would be released by 30 June -- unless agencies recommended continued postponement." width="784" height="441" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JFK1960DNCGettyCROP-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6296" class="wp-caption-text"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6295" style="font-size: 16px;" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/jfk-12-12-17-1.webp" alt="" width="784" height="778" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/jfk-12-12-17-1.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/jfk-12-12-17-1-300x298.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/jfk-12-12-17-1-1024x1015.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/jfk-12-12-17-1-150x150.webp 150w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/jfk-12-12-17-1-768x762.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /></figcaption></figure>
<div class="mceTemp"></div>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6292" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/102813_jfk_shot_03_605.webp" alt="" width="784" height="522" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/102813_jfk_shot_03_605.webp 605w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/102813_jfk_shot_03_605-300x200.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6291" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/56516bcde5c4e.webp" alt="" width="784" height="588" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/56516bcde5c4e.webp 800w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/56516bcde5c4e-300x225.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/56516bcde5c4e-768x576.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6290" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3504.webp" alt="" width="784" height="784" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3504.webp 1200w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3504-300x300.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3504-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3504-150x150.webp 150w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3504-768x768.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /></p>
<figure id="attachment_6289" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6289" style="width: 785px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6289" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193.webp" alt="Lee Harvey Oswald, who the Warren commission said acted alone in killing President Kennedy. Photograph: Reuters" width="785" height="471" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193.webp 1240w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193-300x180.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193-1024x614.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/3193-768x461.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6289" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">Lee Harvey Oswald, who the Warren commission said acted alone in killing President Kennedy. Photograph: Reuters</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_6288" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6288" style="width: 784px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6288" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-08-13T224816Z_1656316779_RC2YVV9SWP9H_RTRMADP_3_USA-BIDEN.webp" alt="The latest release is the largest since December of last year when the Biden administration released 1,500 documents, most of them related to Oswald. (Reuters/Joshua Roberts)" width="784" height="441" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-08-13T224816Z_1656316779_RC2YVV9SWP9H_RTRMADP_3_USA-BIDEN.webp 1440w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-08-13T224816Z_1656316779_RC2YVV9SWP9H_RTRMADP_3_USA-BIDEN-300x169.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-08-13T224816Z_1656316779_RC2YVV9SWP9H_RTRMADP_3_USA-BIDEN-1024x576.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2022-08-13T224816Z_1656316779_RC2YVV9SWP9H_RTRMADP_3_USA-BIDEN-768x432.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6288" class="wp-caption-text"><em><span style="color: #ff6600;">The latest release is the largest since December of last year when the Biden administration released 1,500 documents, most of them related to Oswald. (Reuters/Joshua Roberts)</span></em></figcaption></figure>
<figure id="attachment_6287" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6287" style="width: 784px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class=" wp-image-6287" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954.webp" alt="President Kennedy and the first lady ride through Dallas moments before the president was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, 22 November, 1963. Photograph: Reuters File Photo/Reuters" width="784" height="471" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954.webp 1240w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954-300x180.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954-1024x614.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/1954-768x461.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6287" class="wp-caption-text"><span style="color: #ff6600;">President Kennedy and the first lady ride through Dallas moments before the president was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, 22 November, 1963. Photograph: Reuters File Photo/Reuters</span></figcaption></figure>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6286" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/10f7acda-ba13-11e7-affb-32c8d8b6484e_image_hires_144640.webp" alt="" width="788" height="525" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/10f7acda-ba13-11e7-affb-32c8d8b6484e_image_hires_144640.webp 1200w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/10f7acda-ba13-11e7-affb-32c8d8b6484e_image_hires_144640-300x200.webp 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/10f7acda-ba13-11e7-affb-32c8d8b6484e_image_hires_144640-1024x683.webp 1024w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/10f7acda-ba13-11e7-affb-32c8d8b6484e_image_hires_144640-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px" /></p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6285" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/www.usnews.jpg" alt="" width="790" height="527" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/www.usnews.jpg 970w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/www.usnews-300x200.jpg 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/www.usnews-768x512.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px" /></p>
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		<title>CIA &#8211; Central Intelligence Agency</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cia-central-intelligence-agency/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Nov 2021 01:55:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Zee Truthful News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[C.I.A.]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Central Intelligence Agency]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CIA]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://goodshepherdmedia.net/?p=9574</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[C.I.A. &#8211; Central Intelligence Agency CIA Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), is an independent civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government. The agency is tasked with gathering, processing and analysing national security information around the world, mainly through human intelligence (HUMINT) [1]. The CIA was established on 31 December 1948 as the [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align: center;">C.I.A. &#8211; Central Intelligence Agency</h1>
<p><b>CIA </b><b>Central Intelligence Agency</b></p>
<p>The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), is an independent civilian foreign <span data-balloon-pos="up" aria-label="More about: intelligence service of the United ...">intelligence service of the United States</span> federal government. The agency is tasked with gathering, processing and analysing national security information around the world, mainly through human intelligence (HUMINT) [1].</p>
<p>The CIA was established on 31 December 1948 as the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), by merging the Scientific Branch of the <i>Office of Reports and Estimates</i>, and the Nuclear Energy Group of the <i>Office of Special Operations (OSO)</i>. It is also the successor to the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) and, to some extent, to the World War II <i>Office of Strategic Services (OSS)</i>.</p>
<p>Although most of the information is gathered overseas, the CIA also collects some of its data domestically. The CIA is the only US agency which is authorized by US law to carry out overseas covert activities on behalf of the President of the United States. Unlike the <span data-balloon-pos="up" aria-label="More about: Federal Bureau of Investigation ...">Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)</span>, the CIA is not a law enforcement agency and has therefore no legal jurisdiction. <a href="https://www.cryptomuseum.com/intel/cia/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.cryptomuseum.com/intel/nsa/index.htm#inter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NSA-backdoored equipment info found OFF this website</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/u-s-government-catalogue-of-cellphone-surveillance-devices-used-by-the-military-and-by-cia-nsa-fbi-and-other-intelligence-agencies/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Government Catalogue of Cellphone Surveillance Devices</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Backdoors on Wikipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/nsa-national-security-agency/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Security Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cia-central-intelligence-agency/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nsa.gov1.info/dni/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NSA EXTRACTED INFO</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cryptomuseum.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CRYPTO MUSEUM</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edward Snowden</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/can-cops-secretly-listen-to-my-phone-how-cops-can-secretly-track-your-phone/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stingray</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fbi-vows-not-to-use-pegasus-spyware-after-grilling-from-capitol-hill/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Pegasus Spyware</a></li>
<li><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/x-keyscore-allows-the-nsa-and-allies-to-monitor-emails-web-browsing-internet-searches-and-social-media/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">X-Keyscore</a></li>
</ul>
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