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		<title>Trump posts Georgia jail mugshot, reacts to arrest</title>
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					<description><![CDATA[Trump posts Georgia jail mugshot to X (twitter), reacts to arrest &#160; Former President Donald Trump was processed at the Fulton County Jail Thursday, August 24 on charges brought by District Attorney Fani Willis that he tried to overturn the 2020 result in Georgia. Watch the latest video at foxnews.com Fast Facts Trump processed and [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 class="headline">Trump posts Georgia jail mugshot to X (twitter), reacts to arrest</h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<blockquote>
<h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><em>Former President Donald Trump was processed at the Fulton County Jail Thursday, August 24 on charges brought by District Attorney Fani Willis that he tried to overturn the 2020 result in Georgia.</em></span></h2>
</blockquote>
<p><script type="text/javascript" src="https://video.foxnews.com/v/embed.js?id=6335523453112&#038;w=466&#038;h=263"></script><noscript>Watch the latest video at <a href="https://www.foxnews.com">foxnews.com</a></noscript></p>
<h2 class="title">Fast Facts</h2>
<div class="content">
<ul>
<li>Trump processed and released from Fulton County Jail Thursday, August 24. He is surrendering to face charges brought by District Attorney Fani Willis that he tried to overturn the 2020 election results in the state.</li>
<li>A hearing will take place at a later date.</li>
<li>Trump posted his mugshot to X (formerly Twitter), his first post since being banned from the platform in January 2020.</li>
<li>Judge Scott McAfee of the Fulton County Superior Court set bond for the former president, and current 2024 GOP presidential frontrunner, at $200,000</li>
<li>Trump and more than a dozen others were charged out of the Fulton County probe, including his former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows, his former attorneys Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Jenna Ellis, Kenneth Chesebro, Jeff Clark, John Eastman, among others</li>
<li>The charges include violating the Georgia RICO Act—the Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act; Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer and more.</li>
</ul>
<article id="post-48" class="article-item is-pinned" data-post-id="3b78157">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Trump campaign releases &#8216;Never Surrender&#8217; merchandise with former president&#8217;s mugshot</h2>
</div>
<div class="content">
<p>Hours after former President Donald Trump&#8217;s booking photo at the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia, was released, the official store of his 2024 campaign added eight new items featuring the historic mugshot.</p>
<p>Ranging from $12 to $34, the items available include a bumper sticker, a coffee mug, koozies in black and white, and short-sleeve and long-sleeve shirts in black and white. All eight items include Trump&#8217;s mugshot, the &#8220;NEVER SURRENDER!&#8221; tagline and the Trump 2024 Make America Great Again logo.</p>
<p>The eight &#8220;Never Surrender&#8221; items available on the Trump merchandise website with the former president&#8217;s mugshot. Screenshot/Official Trump Store Website</p>
<p>In addition to the new merchandise, Trump added the photo to his campaign website with the following note before giving the option to donate to his campaign:</p>
<p>&#8220;Today, at the notoriously violent jail in Fulton County, Georgia, I was ARRESTED despite having committed NO CRIME.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;The American people know what’s going on. What has taken place is a travesty of justice and ELECTION INTERFERENCE. The Left wants to intimidate YOU out of voting for a political outsider who puts the American people FIRST. But today, I walked into the lion’s den with one simple message on behalf of our entire movement: I WILL NEVER SURRENDER OUR MISSION TO SAVE AMERICA.&#8221;</p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="post-47" class="article-item is-breaking" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Trump says getting his mugshot taken was &#8216;not a comfortable feeling&#8217;</h2>
</div>
<div class="content">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div>
<div class="article-container">
<p><img decoding="async" class="article-img-container" src="https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/08/Donald-Trump-Indictment-Fulton-Georgia-Mugshot_02.jpg" /></p>
<div class="article-img">
<div class="article-category">POLITICS</div>
<div class="article-title">Trump says taking a mugshot was &#8216;not a comfortable feeling, especially when you&#8217;ve done nothing wrong&#8217;</div>
<div class="article-dek">EXCLUSIVE: Former President Trump reacted to taking his first mugshot Thursday night, telling Fox News Digital in an exclusive interview that it was “not a comfortable feeling—especially when you’ve done nothing wrong.&#8221;</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>FOX DIGITAL EXCLUSIVE</strong> : Former President Trump said Georgia officials &#8220;insisted&#8221; he have a mugshot taken Thursday night during processing at the Fulton County Jail, telling Fox News Digital in an exclusive interview that doing so was &#8220;not a comfortable feeling—especially when you’ve done nothing wrong.&#8221;</p>
<p>The former president and current 2024 Republican front-runner turned himself in Thursday night at the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta after being charged out of District Attorney Fani Willis’ investigation into his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>Trump, in an exclusive interview with Fox News Digital Thursday night, said officials in Georgia &#8220;insisted&#8221; on a mugshot. &#8220;They insisted on a mugshot and I agreed to do that,&#8221; he said. &#8220;This is the only time I’ve ever taken a mugshot.&#8221;</p>
<p>He added: &#8220;It is not a comfortable feeling—especially when you’ve done nothing wrong.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;This is all about election interference,&#8221; Trump said. &#8220;It all comes through Washington and the DOJ and Crooked Joe Biden—nothing like this has ever happened in our country before.&#8221;</p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="post-46" class="article-item is-breaking" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Trump tweets for the first time since getting banned from Twitter</h2>
</div>
<div class="content">
<p>Former President Donald Trump posted to X (formerly Twitter) for the first time since he was banned from the platform in January 2020.</p>
<p>Trump tweeted an image of his mug shot, with captions &#8220;ELECTION INTERFERENCE&#8221; and &#8220;NEVER SURRENDER!&#8221;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="tw-post-wrapper">
<div>
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</div>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Twitter put a &#8220;lifetime ban&#8221; on Trump&#8217;s account after the Jan. 6, 2021 riot at the Capitol. Elon Musk reinstated the former president&#8217;s account after he purchased the company in 2022, but Trump had not posted until Thursday.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s mug shot was taken at the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia earlier Thursday when he was booked and released on charges related to his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 election.</p>
<p>Twitter was Trump&#8217;s main communication platform throughout his 2016 presidential campaign, and he famously used the social media site during his presidency to snipe at rivals, discuss White House policy and praise supporters.</p>
<p>He told Fox News last year that despite his account being restored, he would continue to post on his own social media platform, Truth Social.</p>
<article id="post-45" class="article-item is-breaking" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Donald Trump mugshot released, first ever for a former US president</h2>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="related image-ct">
<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/48b37bb26df4951f2748d6b8cd92e2c7.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Donald Trump mugshot released, first ever for a former US president" /></picture></div>
<div class="caption">
<p>Fulton County Sherriff&#8217;s Office</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Former President Donald Trump&#8217;s mugshot has been released after he was booked into the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia on Thursday.</p>
<p><em>Read more about </em><em>Trump&#8217;s mugshot here</em><em>.</em></p>
<p>The mugshot is the first ever taken by a former U.S. president and comes as Trump faces 13 charges relating to his alleged efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>The 13 counts against Trump include: violating the Georgia RICO Act – the Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act; Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Impersonating a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; Conspiracy to Commit False Statements and Writings; Conspiracy to Commit Filing False Documents; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; Filing False Documents; and Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer.</p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="post-44" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Trump Force One departs Atlanta after Trump jail release</h2>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="related image-ct">
<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/74d1d75241a2ee43bcfbe44cda009723.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Trump Force One departs Atlanta after Trump jail release" /></picture></div>
<div class="caption">
<p>Trump Force One has departed Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Georgia following his release from the Fulton County Jail.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>He turned himself in at the jail after he was charged with 13 counts stemming from the state probe into his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>The court had set Trump’s bail at $200,000. He was quickly processed and released.</p>
<p>Fox News Digital has learned his formal arraignment, where he is expected to plead not guilty, will take place sometime early next month.</p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="post-43" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Trump speaks out after release from Georgia jail</h2>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="related image-ct">
<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/c0e9f5319d15d9ff5c7177c09f136b9c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Trump speaks out after release from Georgia jail" /></picture></div>
<div class="caption">
<p>Former President Donald Trump spoke to members of the media on the tarmac of Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport following his booking at the Fulton County Jail.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>&#8220;This should never happen. If you challenge an election, you should be able to challenge an election,&#8221; Trump said.</p>
<p>&#8220;I should have every right to do that. You have seen many people you have been watching over the years doing the same thing, whether it&#8217;s Hillary Clinton or Stacey Abrams or many others,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>Trump added that the country would have &#8220;very dishonest elections&#8221; without the right to challenge them, before going on to tout the level of support he said he&#8217;s been receiving.</p>
<p>&#8220;This is their way of campaigning. This is one instance, there are three other instances. It&#8217;s election interference,&#8221; he added, appearing to reference the Biden administration.</p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="post-42" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Trump weight listed as 215 pounds in jail booking</h2>
</div>
<div class="content">
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/af9f1ab1a536c5e09d135942690528b3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Trump weight listed as 215 pounds in jail booking" /></p>
<div class="related image-ct">
<div class="caption">
<p>Former President Donald Trump&#8217;s weight has been listed as 215 pounds in the record of his booking with the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia on Thursday.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>According to the record, his height is listed as 6&#8217;3.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s weight was listed as 239 pounds in his 2018 physical examination by then-White House physician Ronny Jackson, who now serves in the U.S. House of Representatives.</p>
</div>
</article>
<article id="post-41" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Trump released from Georgia jail after booking</h2>
</div>
<div class="content">
<p>Former President Trump turned himself in Thursday night at the Fulton County jail in Atlanta, Georgia after he was charged with 13 counts stemming from the state probe into his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>The court had set Trump’s bail at $200,000. He was quickly processed and released.</p>
<p>Fox News Digital has learned his formal arraignment, where he is expected to plead not guilty, will take place sometime early next month.</p>
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<article id="post-40" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump arrives at Georgia jail</h2>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/1e4dc5249ca190af3a52f1088ba04820.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Trump arrives at Georgia jail" /></picture></div>
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<p>Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images</p>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump has arrived at the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia to surrender on charges related to his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>He is expected to have a mugshot taken and will be booked, but will not attend a hearing until next month.</p>
<p>The 13 counts against Trump include: violating the Georgia RICO Act – the Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act; Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Impersonating a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; Conspiracy to Commit False Statements and Writings; Conspiracy to Commit Filing False Documents; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; Filing False Documents; and Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer.</p>
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<article id="post-39" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump supporters rally outside Atlanta jail ahead of his surrender</h2>
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<p>Supporters of former President Donald Trump are rallying outside the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia ahead of his surrender later this evening.</p>
<p>Fox News&#8217; Bryan Llenas reported that around 100 supporters of the former president gathered with flags and other pro-Trump signs and apparel as sheriff&#8217;s deputies stood watch.</p>
<p>Trump Force One landed at the Atlanta airport just after 7:00 p.m. ET. The former president is currently en route to the jail.</p>
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<article id="post-38" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump Force One arrives in Atlanta ahead of jailhouse surrender</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump has arrived in Atlanta, Georgia ahead of his expected surrender at the Fulton County Jail on charges related to his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>Trump Force One landed at Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport shortly after 7:00p.m. ET, and will travel directly to the jail from there.</p>
<p>He is expected to have a mugshot taken and will be booked, but will not attend a hearing until next month.</p>
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<article id="post-37" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Democrats turn to social media to mock Rudy Giuliani mugshot: &#8216;Should we blast it everywhere?&#8217;</h2>
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<p>Rep. Ilhan Omar, D-Minn., mocked former President Donald Trump’s ex-lawyer Rudy Giuliani after the latter’s mugshot was released in Fulton County, Georgia’s case over the 2020 election.</p>
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<p><img decoding="async" class="article-img-container" src="https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/08/Rudolph-Giuliani.jpg" /></p>
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<div class="article-title">Democrats turn to social media to mock Rudy Giuliani mugshot: &#8216;Should we blast it everywhere?&#8217;</div>
<div class="article-dek">Rudy Giuliani&#8217;s Fulton County mughshot was met with glee by Democrats on social media. &#8220;Should we blast it everywhere?&#8221; one New York-based anti-Trump activist asked.</div>
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<p>Giuliani, the former mayor of New York City, is one of 18 named co-conspirators in the ex-president’s fourth criminal indictment in under six months. Trump and the other defendants are accused of conspiring to overturn the results of the 2020 election in Georgia.</p>
<p>Giuliani’s booking photo made waves on social media, including with Trump’s Democrat critics.</p>
<p>&#8220;Smile Rudy your[sp] on camera,&#8221; Omar quipped on her Instagram story.</p>
<p>Former Sen. Al Franken, D-Minn., also poked fun at Giuliani&#8217;s image, quipping on X, formerly known as Twitter, &#8220;I wonder who he&#8217;s angry at?&#8221;</p>
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<article id="post-36" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump en route to Atlanta ahead of expected surrender to Fulton County authorities</h2>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump is en route to Atlanta, Georgia ahead of his expected surrender at the Fulton County Jail on charges related to his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s plane departed New Jersey earlier in the evening, and is expected to arrive at Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport shortly after 7:00p.m. ET.</p>
<p>He is expected to have a mugshot taken and will be booked, but will not attend a hearing until next month.</p>
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<article id="post-35" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Who is Harrison Floyd? Former Black Voices for Trump director being held in Georgia jail</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/44cdc71909f491c47a184f193ff05a7a.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Who is Harrison Floyd? Former Black Voices for Trump director being held in Georgia jail" /></picture></div>
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<p>Fulton County Sheriff&#8217;s Office</p>
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<p>Harrison Floyd, the former Black Voice for Trump executive director, is being held in the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia after turning himself in on Thursday in connection to District Attorney Fani Willis&#8217; investigation into alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 election.</p>
<p>Floyd was allegedly involved in efforts to pressure poll workers into promoting fraud allegations in favor of former President Donald Trump following the election, according to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.</p>
<p>According to court records, Floyd is a former U.S. Marine who was active with the pro-Trump group. He was arrested in Maryland three months ago for allegedly assaulting FBI agents serving him a subpoena to appear before a grand jury for an unknown reason.</p>
<p>Fulton County jail records show Floyd is being held with no bond. He is the only person indicted in connection with Willis&#8217; investigation that did not negotiate bond terms prior to his surrender.</p>
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<article id="post-34" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">McConnell plows through farm bill speech with no mention of Trump hours before expected arrest</h2>
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<p>Senate GOP Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., gave a policy-heavy speech in Louisville, Kentucky, on Thursday morning, hours before another top Republican, former President Donald Trump, is due to turn himself in at the Fulton County, Georgia, jailhouse.</p>
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<p><img decoding="async" class="article-img-container" src="https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2022/12/MITCH.jpg" /></p>
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<div class="article-title">McConnell plows through farm bill speech with no mention of Trump hours before expected arrest</div>
<div class="article-dek">Sen. Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., gave a policy-heavy speech at a Kentucky Farm Bureau event hours before former President Donald Trump is expected to surrender at a Georgia jailhouse.</div>
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<p>Unsurprisingly, Trump’s name and impending arrest did not come up in McConnell’s remarks.</p>
<p>Speaking at the Kentucky Farm Bureau Country Ham Breakfast, McConnell blamed high inflation rates on the federal government’s spending during the COVID-19 pandemic, discussed Congress’ effort to reauthorize the Farm Bill and championed the $1.2 trillion bipartisan infrastructure deal struck under President Biden in 2021.</p>
<p>It’s a stark contrast to the media circus surrounding the former president’s impending appearance in Georgia. Reporters and protesters from both sides are already gathered after Trump declared on Truth Social that he would &#8220;proudly get arrested&#8221; Thursday.</p>
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<article id="post-33" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Who are the 19 defendants in the Georgia Trump indictment?</h2>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/f2d1f7939092e797345cb227d459edd3.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Who are the 19 defendants in the Georgia Trump indictment?" /></picture></div>
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<p>Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis, center, speaks in the Fulton County Government Center during a news conference, Monday, Aug. 14, 2023, in Atlanta. Donald Trump and several allies have been indicted in Georgia over efforts to overturn his 2020 election loss in the state.</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Former President Donald Trump was indicted for the fourth time, and will surrender in Fulton County jail, Georgia.</p>
<p>Additionally, 18 others were indicted. Authorities say they were involved in illegal efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state. Charges were brought by District Attorney Fani Willis.</p>
<p>Trump is facing 13 counts in the latest indictment for alleged attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results in Georgia. Other defendants include the following:</p>
<p>Former Trump attorney Rudy Giuliani, lawyers John Eastman, Ray Smith III and Robert Cheeley, former Trump chief of staff Mark Meadows, former Trump campaign attorney Kenneth Chesebro, former Justice Department official Jeffrey Clark, former members of Trump legal team Jenna Ellis and Sidney Powell, ex-Trump staffer Michael Roman, former chairman of the Georgia Republican Party David Shafer, Georgia state. Sen. Shawn Still, Illinois police chaplain Stephen Lee, Black Voices for Trump executive director Harrison Floyd, publicist Trevian Kutti, former Coffee County Republican Party in Georgia chairwoman Cathy Latham, 2020 Fulton County Republican poll watcher Scott Hall and former Coffee County, Georgia, election supervisor Misty Hampton.</p>
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<article id="post-32" class="article-item is-breaking" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Judge approves October trial date for one Trump co-defendant</h2>
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<p>A Georgia judge approved a rapid trial date for one of former President Donald Trump&#8217;s co-defendants in the Fulton County case related to the 2020 election.</p>
<p>Judge Scott McAfee ordered a trial date for Oct. 23 for Kenneth Chesebro, who filed a motion for a speedy trial. That leaves just two months for arraignment, evidence discovery, motions and pretrial conferences.</p>
<p>The Oct. 23 trial date, however, only applies to Chesebro. &#8220;At this time, these deadlines do not apply to any co-defendant,&#8221; Judge McAfee&#8217;s order states.</p>
<p>Chesebro faces seven charges, including a violation of the Georgia&#8217;s RICO Act—the Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act.</p>
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<p><img decoding="async" class="article-img-container" src="https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/08/Georgia-DA-Fani-Willis-Trump-Grand-Jury-Indictment-2.jpg" /></p>
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<div class="article-category">POLITICS</div>
<div class="article-title">Fulton County DA asks court to set trial date for Trump and 18 co-defendants in October</div>
<div class="article-dek">Fulton County DA Fani Willis has requested an October 23, 2023, start date for the trial of former President Donald Trump and 18 co-defendants in the Georgia 2020 election case.</div>
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<p>Trump&#8217;s attorney earlier on Thursday told the court in a filing that the former president opposed the October trial date.</p>
<p>Steven Sadow, an Atlanta defense attorney hired to represent Trump in the Georgia case, wrote that his client &#8220;will be filing a timely motion to sever his case from that of co-defendant Chesebro, who has filed a demand for speedy trial, or any other co-defendant who files such a demand.&#8221;</p>
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<article id="post-31" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Who has surrendered in Fulton County?</h2>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/a4cd8e7adc5657fefba17d3c2a3682e0.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Who has surrendered in Fulton County?" /></picture></div>
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<p>Mark Meadows has his mugshot taken on Aug 24, 2023: (Fulton County Sheriff&#8217;s Office)</p>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump will be the latest co-defendants to turn himself in at an Atlanta, Georgia jail and have his mugshot taken.</p>
<p>So far the co-defendants who have had their mugshots taken include:</p>
<p>Former chief of staff Mark Meadows, former NYC Mayor Rudy Giuliani, former Black Voices for trump executive director Harrison Floyd, lawyer John Eastman, Scott Hall, Cathy Latham, ex-Georgia GOP Chair David Shafer, attorney Kenneth Cheseboro, attorney Sidney Powell, attorney Ray Smith and lawyer Jenna Ellis.</p>
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<article id="post-30" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Jonathan Turley: &#8216;Very likely&#8217; we will see a Trump mugshot</h2>
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<p>Fox News contributor Jonathan Turley said it&#8217;s likely the former President Donald Trump will have his mugshot taken to turn himself in on Georgia charges on &#8220;The Story with Martha MacCallum.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;It appears to most of us being clearly gratuitous why you would need a mugshot of the most recognizable face in the United States, if not one of the most in the world. But that is going to be part of this process as part of this process, as is the bond that he will have to pay,&#8221; Turley said.</p>
<p>After Trump surrenders for arrest, booking and release, the case will proceed through the Fulton County court system.</p>
<p>Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis filed charges against Trump and 18 other defendants on charges related to the 2020 election and Trump&#8217;s claims it was stolen.</p>
<p>The 41-count indictment details what prosecutors say was a conspiracy to reject the 2020 election. Turley has previously argued that the indictment is &#8220;excessive&#8221; and &#8220;dangerous,&#8221; but it also should be taken &#8220;seriously&#8221; by the Trump team given the nature of the charges.</p>
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<article id="post-29" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">What happens after an indictment?</h2>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump has been indicted for the fourth time this year, with 13 charges against him for alleged efforts to overturn election results in the state of Georgia during the 2020 presidential election.</p>
<p>There are 18 others who have been indicted alongside Trump. Now that the indictment has happened, the next step of the process will be an arraignment.</p>
<p>During an arraignment, the federal criminal defendants appear in court. While in court, the charges are read and the defendant is asked to enter a “guilty” or “not guilty” plea.</p>
<p>After an arraignment, there are several steps that come before a trial.</p>
<p>The prosecution and defense will come together and discuss the evidence and witnesses that will be involved in the case. Before a trial occurs, a plea bargain is discussed, where a defendant can plead guilty to a lesser charge. If there is no plea bargain reached, this is when a case will move to trial.</p>
<p>During a trial, a jury will be selected, witnesses and evidence will be displayed from both sides and eventually a verdict will be reached. If the defendant is found guilty, then sentencing will occur.</p>
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<article id="post-28" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Fulton County Jail where Trump may be booked is under DOJ investigation</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<p>Fulton County Jail inmate LaShawn Thompson&#8217;s family says he died after allegedly being eaten alive by insects and bedbugs. (Harper Law Firm)</p>
<p>The Department of Justice (DOJ) is actively investigating the jail where former President Donald Trump may be booked after his arrest in Fulton County.</p>
<p>DOJ opened an investigation into conditions inside the Fulton County Jail last month after an &#8220;extensive&#8221; review of publicly-available information. That review included a report about LaShawn Thompson, an inmate who died in September 2022 after he was allegedly eaten alive by bugs in his cell, FOX 5 Atlanta reported.</p>
<p>An autopsy said Thompson died of complications due to severe neglect and major contributing causes as untreated schizophrenia, dehydration, malnourishment and severe body insect infestation. His death was ruled a homicide.</p>
<p>&#8220;These autopsy findings confirm that Lashawn was killed by the extreme neglect of the Fulton County Jail and its staff,&#8221; Ben Crump, a civil rights attorney representing Thompson&#8217;s family in a lawsuit against the jail, said in a May 22 statement. &#8220;He was dehydrated, malnourished, and his body was infested inside and out with insects — it is truly one of the most horrific cases we have seen.&#8221;</p>
<p>The state of the jail could complicate negotiations between the Fulton County Sheriff&#8217;s Department and the Secret Service over how Trump will be booked.</p>
<p>According to the department&#8217;s website, individuals who have been arrested are first taken to the Main Jail at 901 Rice Street NW, Atlanta, for booking. Fulton County Sheriff Pat Labat said earlier this month he expects Trump to be booked like any other criminal suspect, including fingerprinting and photographing.</p>
<p>Trump has an August 25 deadline to turn himself in to Fulton County authorities.</p>
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<article id="post-27" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Former Trump chief of staff Mark Meadows mugshot released</h2>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/e6e7652a7c462e8ea47b7b51947c77af.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Former Trump chief of staff Mark Meadows mugshot released" /></picture></div>
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<p>Mark Meadows mugshot (Fulton County Jail)</p>
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<p>A mugshot of former White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows was released on Thursday after he turned himself in at a jail in Atlanta, Georgia, connected to alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election.</p>
<p>Meadows, a former congressman who served as chief of staff to former President Trump, was indicted along with Trump and more than a dozen others out of the Fulton County probe launched by the district attorney.</p>
<p>The charges include violating the Georgia RICO Act—the Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act. The court set Trump&#8217;s bail at $200,000, and he is expected to be quickly processed and released. Fox News Digital has learned his formal arraignment, where he is expected to plead not guilty, will take place sometime early next month.</p>
<p>Others charged out of Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis’ probe, like former Trump lawyers Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Jenna Ellis and more had their photos taken during processing.</p>
<p>It marks the latest in a number of prosecutions against Trump, but this is the first that will require him also to pose for a mug shot — an image that is likely to be seen as iconic. Trump has denied wrongdoing in this case and others.</p>
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<article id="post-26" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump ally Harrison Floyd remains in Georgia jail after not negotiating bond terms before surrender</h2>
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<p>The Fulton County, Georgia mugshot of Harrison Floyd (Fulton County Sheriff&#8217;s Office)</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Harrison Floyd, the former executive director of Black Voices for Trump, is currently sitting in the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Georgia after turning himself in on charges in connection to District Attorney Fani Willis&#8217; investigation into alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 election.</p>
<p>Floyd is the only defendant who did not negotiate bond terms before surrendering. All other 18 defendants, including former President Donald Trump, have now reached bond terms. 11 have surrendered &#8212; including Floyd &#8212; the other 10 have been released.</p>
<p>Floyd was allegedly involved in efforts to pressure poll workers into promoting fraud allegations, according to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution.</p>
<p>Trump is expected to turn himself in later this evening.</p>
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<article id="post-25" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Who is Mark Meadows?</h2>
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<p>Former White House Chief of Staff during the Trump administration Mark Meadows speaks during a forum titled House Rules and Process Changes for the 118th Congress at FreedomWorks headquarters on November 14, 2022 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Former White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows has been charged alongside former President Donald Trump and more than a dozen others in connection to Fulton County, Georgia, District Attorney Fani Willis&#8217; investigation into alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 election.</p>
<p>Meadows turned himself into county authorities on Thursday after a federal judge denied his request a day earlier to prevent his &#8220;imminent arrest.&#8221; Meadows had sought to stall his arrest pending the outcome of an evidentiary hearing over the possibility of his racketeering charges be moved from state to federal court, FOX 5 Atlanta reported.</p>
<p>Prior to serving as Trump&#8217;s chief of staff from March 2020 to January 2021, Meadows served four full terms and part of a fifth as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina.</p>
<p>He headed the conservative House Freedom Caucus from 2017 to 2019.</p>
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<article id="post-24" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump opposes an October trial date in Georgia case</h2>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump will soon ask to sever his case from one of the defendants facing charges in the Fulton County, Georgia criminal case.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s attorney in the Georgia case, Steven Sadow, told the court Thursday afternoon that the former president opposes the prosecutor&#8217;s request to hold the trial for all defendants in October.</p>
<p>In response to a motion for a speedy trial from Trump&#8217;s co-defendant Kenneth Chesebro, Fulton County DA Fani Willis requested that a trial &#8220;commence for all 19 defendants on October 23, 2023.&#8221;</p>
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<p><img decoding="async" class="article-img-container" src="https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/08/Georgia-DA-Fani-Willis-Trump-Grand-Jury-Indictment-2.jpg" /></p>
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<div class="article-category">POLITICS</div>
<div class="article-title">Fulton County DA asks court to set trial date for Trump and 18 co-defendants in October</div>
<div class="article-dek">Fulton County DA Fani Willis has requested an October 23, 2023, start date for the trial of former President Donald Trump and 18 co-defendants in the Georgia 2020 election case.</div>
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<p>Sadow wrote that Trump &#8220;opposes the State’s &#8216;motion for entry of pretrial scheduling order&#8217; and &#8216;motion to specially set trial'&#8221; and that he &#8220;will be filing a timely motion to sever his case from that of co-defendant Chesebro, who has filed a demand for speedy trial, or any other co-defendant who files such a demand.&#8221;</p>
<p>Trump retained Sadow, an Atlanta-based white collar defense attorney, to represent him in the Fulton County case. Sadow replaced Drew Findling, who had been representing him in the matter. Findling is no longer representing Trump, a source familiar told Fox News Digital.</p>
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<article id="post-23" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">How many total charges does Trump have pending?</h2>
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<p>The Fulton County Courthouse in Atlanta, Georgia on Monday, Aug. 14, 2023. (Ben Hendren/Bloomberg via Getty Images)</p>
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<p>Former president Donald Trump has been indicted four times in 2023. He is the first former president in U.S. history to be indicted on criminal charges.</p>
<p>In March, Trump was charged from Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg&#8217;s investigation into hush-money payments during the 2016 presidential campaign. During this particular investigation, Trump pleaded not guilty to all 34 felony counts.</p>
<p>In June, Trump was indicted on charges at a federal level for the first time. Special Counsel Jack Smith indicted Trump from a classified records investigation at his Mar-a-Lago home. Trump was accused of 37 felony charges, all of which Trump pleaded not guilty to.</p>
<p>In July, Trump was charged with three additional counts involving Smith’s investigation. Waltine Nauta, Trump’s aide and valet, and Carlos de Oliveria, his Mar-a Lago property manager, were also charged.</p>
<p>Smith was further investigating Trump’s alleged involvement in the Jan 6. Capitol riot and interference with the 2020 election results. In August, Trump was indicted on four federal charges related to Jan. 6, which he pleaded not guilty to.</p>
<p>Trump was indicted on 13 charges in Georgia, along with 18 others, with allegedly attempting to overturn the 2020 election results in the state.</p>
<p>Trump has a total of 91 pending charges against him.</p>
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</article>
<article id="post-22" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Mark Meadows surrenders in Georgia on RICO charges</h2>
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<p>Mark Meadows, the former White House chief of staff, was booked for charges in Atlanta Thursday, hours before former President Trump is expected to surrender at the same courthouse.</p>
<p>Meadows was charged with two counts in a 41-count indictment brought Trump and his allies by Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis, a Democrat.</p>
<p>According to court records, Meadows bond was set at $100,000.</p>
<p>Meadows faces charges for soliciting an official to violate their oath of office related to the infamous 2020 phone call he arranged between Trump and Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger — in which Trump asked the elections chief to &#8220;find&#8221; purportedly missing ballots that would allow him to overcome his deficit against Biden in Georgia.</p>
<p>Georgia&#8217;s secretary of state also reportedly is set to subpoena to testify during a hearing to determine if former White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows&#8217; election interference case will be transferred to federal court next week.</p>
<p>Trump is expected to surrender to the Atlanta courthouse Thursday evening.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="article-img-container" src="https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/01/GettyImages-1244782084.jpg" width="537" height="302" /></p>
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<div class="article-category">POLITICS</div>
<div class="article-title">Mark Meadows seeks transfer of Fulton County case to federal court, claims immunity from prosecution</div>
<div class="article-dek">Former Trump White House chief of staff Mark Meadows has asked his charges in the Georgia election interference case to be removed to federal court, claiming immunity from prosecution.</div>
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</article>
<article id="post-21" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Where can I read the Trump-Georgia indictment?</h2>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/e2577acae1478226bfe0b725c37409d2.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Where can I read the Trump-Georgia indictment?" /></picture></div>
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<p><strong><em>Former President Donald Trump</em></strong></p>
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<p>The full Trump-Georgia indictment document can be viewed and downloaded on Fox News Digital.</p>
<p>The lengthy 98 page document includes all 41 counts former president Donald Trump was accused of, as well as the 18 others that have been accused alongside him. The document highlights who individual charges and counts. Those accused with Trump include former Trump White House chief of staff Mark Meadows and attorneys Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell and Jenna Ellis.</p>
<p>The indictment states that the defendants and unindicted co conspirators &#8220;constituted a criminal organization whose members and associates engaged in various related criminal activities including, but not limited to, false statements and writings, impersonating a public officer, forgery, filing false documents, influencing witnesses, computer theft, computer trespass, computer invasion of privacy, conspiracy to defraud the state, acts involving theft, and perjury.&#8221;</p>
<p>In the document, each count against Trump is broken down into sections with information and evidence laid out by the Fulton Superior Court.</p>
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</article>
<article id="post-20" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">How hard is it to get a pardon in Georgia?</h2>
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<p>Former president Donald Trump has been indicted for the fourth time. His most recent indictment involves alleged attempts to overturn 2020 presidential results in Georgia. If he is convicted, receiving a pardon will be a difficult task, even if he is elected president.</p>
<p>A president&#8217;s ability to pardon only applies to federal crime, and does not apply at a state level. Therefore, even if Trump is elected president, he will not have the power to pardon himself.</p>
<p>The power to pardon in Georgia does not fall to the governor, but rather a five-member board. The State Board of Pardons and Paroles is made up of five members who serve seven year terms. Felons who are seeking pardon by the board must serve their sentence for five years before doing so.</p>
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<article id="post-19" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Who is DA Fani Willis, the prosecutor going after Donald Trump in Georgia?</h2>
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<p>Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis has brought an unprecedented racketeering case against Donald Trump and 18 others in Georgia.</p>
<p>But who is the local prosecutor trying to take down a former president?</p>
<p>Willis started her career as an assistant district attorney in Fulton County and has gained a reputation as a hard-working and talented litigator. She challenged her former boss in the 2020 Democratic primary for district attorney &#8212; and won.</p>
<p>She grew up in Washington and was raised by her father, a defense attorney who she said was a Black Panther, the Associated Press reported.</p>
<p>She studied at Howard University and holds a law degree from Emory University School of Law.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s campaign has attacked Willis over her father&#8217;s Black Panther ties.</p>
<p>In an email to supporters earlier this month, the campaign wrote that Willis comes from a &#8220;family steeped in hate&#8221; and is the &#8220;daughter of a former Black Panther,&#8221; before referencing quotes from a 2021 Time Magazine article.</p>
<p>&#8220;The daughter of a former Black Panther who recently retired as a criminal defense lawyer, the Inglewood, Calif.-born Willis would go along when her father went to court on Saturday mornings,&#8221; the quoted Time article reads.</p>
<p>&#8220;The judge who oversaw the Saturday courtroom, an older white man, was, according to Willis, known to be mean. But each week, he had Willis, too young to stay home alone or to hear the details her father needed to discuss with clients, sit next to him on the elevated dais, the two whispering back and forth,&#8221; the article continued. &#8220;One day, Willis&#8217; father asked her what on earth they talked about.&#8221;</p>
<p>The email continued with a quote from the Fulton County Government website where Willis also referenced her father, John Clifford Floyd III, being a former Black Panther member.</p>
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<article id="post-18" class="article-item is-breaking" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Fulton County DA requests trial begin October 23</h2>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/99328580ada307f8ce1b719e0ff793ab.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Fulton County DA requests trial begin October 23" /></picture></div>
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<p>The Fulton County Jail is shown April 11, 2023, in Atlanta. Former President Donald Trump says he will surrender to authorities in Georgia on Thursday, Aug 24, to face charges in the case accusing him of illegally scheming to overturn his 2020 election loss in the state. (AP Photo/Kate Brumback)</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis requested a trial to begin in the case against former President Trump and 18 others on Oct. 23.</p>
<p>In a filing Thursday, Willis &#8220;respectfully&#8221; requested that a trial &#8220;commence for all 19 defendants on October 23, 2023.&#8221;</p>
<p>Trump and more than a dozen others were charged out of the Fulton County probe, including his former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows, his former attorneys Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Jenna Ellis, Kenneth Chesebro, Jeff Clark, John Eastman, among others.</p>
<p>The charges include violating the Georgia RICO Act—the Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act; Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Impersonating a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; Conspiracy to Commit False Statements and Writings; Conspiracy to Commit Filing False Documents; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; Filing False Documents; and Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer. Not everyone faces the same charges.</p>
<p>The former president, specifically, was charged with 13 counts: One count of violation of the Georgia RICO Act, three counts of criminal solicitation, six counts of criminal conspiracy, one count of filing false documents and two counts of making false statements.</p>
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<article id="post-17" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">When will Donald Trump go on trial in Georgia?</h2>
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<p>Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis has proposed a commencement trial date of March 4, 2024, in the Georgia election case of former President Donald Trump and 18 other defendants.</p>
<p>Willis has also proposed that arraignments for the defendants happen the week of Sept. 5. The dates are only a proposal for now and do not become official until signed by a judge.</p>
<p>The proposed trial date is one day before elections on Super Tuesday, when the largest number of delegates are up for grabs of any single day in the primary cycle. For presidential candidates, it&#8217;s a day that can make or break a campaign. Roughly 14 primaries are set to be held across the country, from California and Texas to Massachusetts and Maine.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s legal team is likely to seek to delay the the trial until after the 2024 presidential election.</p>
<p>Trump is already scheduled to stand trial in March in the separate New York case involving dozens of state charges of falsifying business records in connection with an alleged hush money payment to a porn actor. He&#8217;s also scheduled to stand trial in May in the federal case brought by special counsel Jack Smith alleging he illegally hoarded classified documents at his Mar-a-Lago estate and thwarted government efforts to return them.</p>
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<article id="post-16" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">What is Donald Trump accused of in Georgia?</h2>
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<p>Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis has accused former President Donald Trump and his co-defendants of &#8220;knowingly and willfully&#8221; forming a &#8220;conspiracy to unlawfully change the outcome of the election in favor of Trump.&#8221;</p>
<p>The 97-page indictment released earlier this month contains 41 felony counts against Trump and the 18 defendants and alleges they &#8220;unlawfully conspired and endeavored to conduct and participate in a criminal enterprise in Fulton County, Georgia, and elsewhere.&#8221;</p>
<p>The key allegation is that Trump and the other defendants &#8220;corruptly solicited Georgia officials, including the Secretary of State and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to violate their oaths to the Georgia Constitution and to the United States Constitution by unlawfully changing the outcome of the November 3, 2020, presidential election in Georgia in favor of Donald Trump.&#8221;</p>
<p>Following the 2020 presidential election, Trump reportedly insisted during a phone call with Georgia&#8217;s Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger that he had won the state of Georgia. Trump urged him to &#8220;find&#8221; enough votes to reverse the state&#8217;s results.</p>
<p>Trump also reportedly said: &#8220;All I want to do is this. I just want to find 11,780 votes, which is one more than we have. Because we won the state.&#8221;</p>
<p>Georgia certified election results showing that Trump’s Democratic opponent Joe Biden won the state’s Nov. 3 election by 11,779 votes.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s phone call is the central piece of evidence in Willis&#8217; case against Trump. The former president has repeatedly denied all wrongdoing and called it a &#8220;perfect phone call.&#8221;</p>
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<article id="post-15" class="article-item is-developing" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Who is Steven Sadow? Meet the attorney Trump hired hours before he&#8217;s booked in Fulton County</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/89865155b9c4adb7d20039bbb6f9af26.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Who is Steven Sadow? Meet the attorney Trump hired hours before he's booked in Fulton County" /></picture></div>
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<p>Defendant Howard K. Stern (L), long-time attorney and partner of late entertainment celebrity Anna Nicole Smith and his lawyer Steven H. Sadow (R) leave the Los Angeles County Criminal Courts building after Stern&#8217;s arraignment in Los Angeles, California, May 13, 2009. REUTERS/Danny Moloshok</p>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump abruptly replaced his attorney David Findling on Thursday hours before he is expected to turn himself in to Fulton County authorities in his Georgia 2020 election case.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s new attorney, Steven Sadow, is an Atlanta-based criminal defense lawyer who is described as a &#8220;special counsel for white collar and high profile defense&#8221; on his website.</p>
<p>Sadow&#8217;s previous high profile clients include rapper William Roberts, Jr., a/k/a Rick Ross, attorney Howard K. Stern, in a trial relating to the death of his partner Anna Nicole Smith, as well as &#8220;Mansion Madame&#8221; Lisa Ann Taylor and the singer Usher.</p>
<p>He studied at Marietta College and received his law degree from Emory University in 1979.</p>
<p>This wasn&#8217;t the first time Trump has decided to make changes to one of his legal defense teams. In June, Trump fired his attorneys Jim Trusty and John Rowley and replaced them with Todd Blanche in the federal case brought by special counsel Jack Smith concerning Trump&#8217;s retention of classified documents.</p>
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<article id="post-14" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">What time is Trump surrendering?</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<p>The Fulton County Courthouse is shown on August 14, 2023 in Atlanta, Georgia. Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis is expected to announce grand jury indictments in her investigation into former President Donald Trump and his Republican allies&#8217; alleged attempt to overturn the 2020 election results in the state. (Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images)</p>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump is expected to surrender to Fulton County authorities in the evening Thursday.</p>
<p>The Federal Aviation Administration has placed temporary flight restrictions over the area where the Fulton County Jail is located in Georgia from 6:45 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. ET. The reason given for the restrictions is &#8220;VIP Movement.&#8221;</p>
<p>While no time has been confirmed for Trump&#8217;s arrival at the jail, the former president said Monday he will fly to Georgia and turn himself in to face 13 counts stemming from District Attorney Fani Willis&#8217; probe into alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>It is expected that Trump will be required to take a mugshot. Others charged out of Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis’ probe, like former Trump lawyers Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Jenna Ellis and more had their photos taken during processing.</p>
<p>Trump was charged with one count of violation of the Georgia RICO Act, three counts of criminal solicitation, six counts of criminal conspiracy, one count of filing false documents and two counts of making false statements.</p>
<p>Trump retained Steven Sadow, an Atlanta-based white collar defense attorney, to represent him in the Fulton County case. Sadow will replace Drew Findling, who had been representing him in the matter. Findling is no longer representing Trump, a source familiar told Fox News Digital.</p>
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<article id="post-13" class="article-item is-breaking" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump retains new legal counsel in Fulton County case</h2>
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<p>Attorney Steven H. Sadow (left) (Photo by Rick Diamond/Getty Images)</p>
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<p>Former President Trump retained Steven Sadow, an Atlanta-based white collar defense attorney, to represent him in the Fulton County case.</p>
<p>Sadow will replace Drew Findling, who had been representing him in the matter. Findling is no longer representing Trump, a source familiar told Fox News Digital.</p>
<p>&#8220;I have been retained to represent President Trump in the Fulton County, Georgia case,&#8221; Sadow said in a statement. &#8220;The President should never have been indicted. He is innocent of all the charges brought against him.&#8221;</p>
<p>Sadow added: &#8220;We look forward to the case being dismissed or, if necessary, an unbiased, open minded jury finding the President not guilty. Prosecutions intended to advance or serve the ambitions and careers of political opponents of the President have no place in our justice system.&#8221;</p>
<p>Trump was charged with one count of violation of the Georgia RICO Act, three counts of criminal solicitation, six counts of criminal conspiracy, one count of filing false documents and two counts of making false statements.</p>
<p>The indictment out of Georgia was the fourth for Trump, who is the first former president in United States history to face criminal charges.</p>
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</article>
<article id="post-12" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump could not pardon himself as president if convicted in Georgia case</h2>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump could not exonerate himself from a possible conviction in Georgia under the Constitution if he wins wins the presidency in 2024, as presidents are not granted the authority to pardon themselves from crimes against individual states.</p>
<p>Trump was indicted for the fourth time Monday night, this time in Georgia along with 18 others allegedly involved in illegal efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state. The former president is facing 13 counts in the latest indictment.</p>
<p>According to Georgia state law, Trump would have to wait at least five years after being released from court-ordered supervision before he can apply for a pardon.</p>
<p>In the event of a conviction in Georgia, Trump could be issued a pardon from the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles. But this can only be done after fulfilling his sentence, any probation or parole time and five years time.</p>
<p>Georgia Republican Gov. Brian Kemp does not have the authority to pardon Trump if he were convicted in the Peach State.</p>
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<article id="post-11" class="article-item is-breaking" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">House Judiciary Republicans accuse Fulton County DA of &#8216;politically motivated&#8217; Trump indictment</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/ebfbe8fac371a15c3f64acd01f8f530c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="House Judiciary Republicans accuse Fulton County DA of 'politically motivated' Trump indictment" /></picture></div>
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<p>Representative Jim Jordan, a Republican from Ohio and chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, during a hearing in Washington, DC, US, on Wednesday, July 26, 2023. The hearing is titled &#8220;Oversight of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.&#8221; Photographer: Al Drago/Bloomberg via Getty Images</p>
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<p>Republicans on the House Judiciary Committee have accused Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis of filing &#8220;politically motivated&#8221; charges against former President Donald Trump.</p>
<p>In a letter sent to Willis Thursday, Chairman Jim Jordan, R-Ohio, raised concerns about the timing of Willis&#8217; actions and demanded that her office turn over any documents and communications with the Biden administration.</p>
<p>&#8220;Your indictment and prosecution implicate substantial federal interests, and the circumstances surrounding your actions raise serious concerns about whether they are politically motivated,&#8221; Jordan wrote.</p>
<p>&#8220;[I]t is noteworthy that just four days before this indictment, you launched a new campaign fundraising website that highlighted your investigation into President Trump,&#8221; the letter continued. &#8220;Additionally, the forewoman of the special grand jury you convened to investigate President Trump earlier this year bragged during an unusual media tour about her excitement at the prospect of subpoenaing President Trump.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;The timing of this prosecution reinforces concerns about your motivation,&#8221; the letter states. &#8220;In February 2021, news outlets reported that you directed your office to open an investigation into President Trump &#8230; Yet, you did not bring charges until two-and-a-half years later, at a time when the campaign for the Republican nomination is in full swing.&#8221;</p>
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<article id="post-10" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">What is an indictment?</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/b78214ee9286ffb4d62300a1c96e5905.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="What is an indictment?" /></picture></div>
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<p>Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis, center, speaks in the Fulton County Government Center during a news conference, Monday, Aug. 14, 2023, in Atlanta. Donald Trump and several allies have been indicted in Georgia over efforts to overturn his 2020 election loss in the state. (AP Photo/John Bazemore)</p>
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<p>An indictment is a formal accusation or charge of a serious crime by a government that forms the basis of a legal case against an entity.</p>
<p>Former President Trump and 18 other individuals were indicted by a Georgia grand jury earlier this month.</p>
<p>A grand jury in Fulton County, Georgia handed up the indictment against the former president and several other individuals, including former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows.Monday&#8217;s indictment means that Trump and the others named in the document are formally accused of violating several statutes, including violating the Georgia Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act.</p>
<p>In addition to accusation of violating the Georgia RICO Act, the other charges include Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Impersonating a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; and Conspiracy to Commit False Statements and Writings, among others.</p>
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<article id="post-9" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 class="title">How has Trump responded to his Georgia indictment?</h2>
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<p>Former President Trump told Fox News Digital his fourth indictment comes during a &#8220;dark period for our country&#8221; but vowed to win the 2024 presidential election and &#8220;Make America Great Again.&#8221;</p>
<p>Trump was indicted for the fourth time on Aug. 15 out of the Georgia probe into alleged efforts to overturn 2020 election.</p>
<p>&#8220;Nineteen people were indicted, and the whole world is laughing at the United States as they see how corrupt and horrible a place it has turned out to be under the leadership of Crooked Joe Biden,&#8221; Trump told Fox News Digital during an exclusive interview after the indictment came down.</p>
<p>Trump and more than a dozen others were charged, including his former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows, his former attorneys Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Jenna Ellis, Kenneth Chesebro, Jeff Clark, John Eastman, among others.</p>
<p>&#8220;The racist and corrupt district attorney of Fulton County, which has turned out to be a murder capital of the world with among the highest violent crime levels anywhere in our country, just opened a fundraising site in order to benefit off the things she most campaigned on, ‘I will get Donald Trump,’&#8221; he said, slamming Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis.</p>
<p>Trump has denied all wrongdoing.</p>
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<article id="post-8" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 class="title">What are the criminal charges against former President Donald Trump?</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/4a3e10442ed3e1f019f44915abfa8427.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="What are the criminal charges against former President Donald Trump?" /></picture></div>
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<p>DES MOINES, IA August 12, 2023: Former President Donald Trump speaks with the press at the Iowa Pork Producers booth during the 2023 Iowa State Fair at the Iowa State Fair Grounds on Saturday August 12, 2023. (Photo by Demetrius Freeman/The Washington Post via Getty Images)</p>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump is the first U.S. president in history to be indicted on criminal charges.</p>
<p>In a span of just four-and-a-half-months, Trump has been charged in four criminal cases at the federal and state level concerning allegations of his conduct both before entering and after leaving the White House.</p>
<p>In New York, Trump faces 34 felony counts brought by District Attorney Alvin Bragg in connection to alleged hush money payments made to porn star Stormy Daniels.</p>
<p>In Florida, he is charged with 40 counts related to his handling of classified documents after leaving office and his delay in returning them.</p>
<p>In Washington, D.C., special counsel Jack Smith has charged Trump with four counts for his efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election.</p>
<p>And in Georgia, Trump faces 13 felony counts in a racketeering case brought by District Attorney Fani Willis for his alleged election meddling in the state.</p>
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<article id="post-7" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Trump to be booked at Fulton County jail after charges stemming from 2020 election probe</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/7c0f380bfe106cd751cbbbe902dde8c5.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Trump to be booked at Fulton County jail after charges stemming from 2020 election probe" /></picture></div>
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<p>Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis and former President Donald Trump (Getty Images)</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Former President Trump will turn himself in Thursday night at the Fulton County jail in Atlanta, Georgia after he was charged with 13 counts stemming from the state probe into his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>The court set Trump’s bail at $200,000, and he is expected to be quickly processed and released. Fox News Digital has learned his formal arraignment, where he is expected to plead not guilty, will take place sometime early next month.</p>
<p>It is expected that Trump will be required to take a mugshot. Others charged out of Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis’ probe, like former Trump lawyers Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Jenna Ellis and more had their photos taken during processing.</p>
<p>&#8220;NOBODY HAS EVER FOUGHT FOR ELECTION INTEGRITY LIKE PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP,&#8221; Trump posted on Truth Social. &#8220;FOR DOING SO, I WILL PROUDLY BE ARRESTED…IN GEORGIA GOD BLESS THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA!!!</p>
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</article>
<article id="post-6" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Georgia secretary of state expects subpoena as Mark Meadows seeks to move Trump election case to fed</h2>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/3de1bc06cb587e2ed01e5b9d61e4ad2b.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Georgia secretary of state expects subpoena as Mark Meadows seeks to move Trump election case to fed" /></picture></div>
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<p>FILE &#8211; White House chief of staff Mark Meadows speaks with reporters at the White House, Oct. 21, 2020, in Washington. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon, File)</p>
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<p>Georgia&#8217;s secretary of state reportedly is to be subpoenaed to testify during a hearing to determine if former White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows&#8217; election interference case will be transferred to federal court next week.</p>
<p>Meadows, meanwhile, had an emergency motion seeking to prevent his &#8220;imminent arrest&#8221; in Fulton County denied Wednesday, a day before former President Donald Trump was set to turn himself in. Meadows had sought to stall his arrest pending the outcome of an evidentiary hearing over the possibility of his RICO charges be moved from state to federal court, FOX 5 Atlanta reported.</p>
<p>A judge, however, ruled the state should continue for now unless the feds notify the court that they’re taking over jurisdiction. Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis set a deadline for noon Thursday for Meadows, Trump and allies to turn themselves in.</p>
<p>&#8220;While Meadows’s imminent arrest may present an actual injury, there are strong countervailing reasons to not enjoin the state criminal proceedings,&#8221; the judge’s decision Wednesday said. &#8220;Thus, the Court determines that, the clear statutory language for removing a criminal prosecution, does not support an injunction or temporary stay prohibiting District Attorney Willis&#8217;s enforcement or execution of the arrest warrant against Meadows.&#8221;</p>
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</article>
<article id="post-5" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
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<h2 class="title">Giuliani mugshot released after he turns himself in on Trump-Georgia 2020 case</h2>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/aac3652568251d0819db50d3a6d1b33c.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="Giuliani mugshot released after he turns himself in on Trump-Georgia 2020 case" /></picture></div>
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<p>A mugshot of former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani was released Wednesday after he was booked in Fulton County Jail on charges connected to alleged efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election in Georgia. (Fulton County Sheriff&#8217;s Office)</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>A mugshot of Rudy Giuliani was released Wednesday after the former New York City mayor turned himself in at an Atlanta jail on charges connected to alleged efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election in Georgia.</p>
<p>Giuliani, 79, was indicted last week along with former President Donald Trump and 17 others. Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis said they participated in a wide-ranging conspiracy to subvert the will of the voters after the Republican president lost to Democrat Joe Biden in November 2020.</p>
<p>Giuliani is accused of spearheading Trump&#8217;s efforts to compel state lawmakers in Georgia and other closely contested states to illegally appoint electoral college electors favorable to Trump.</p>
<p>Bond for Giuliani, who was released after booking like the other defendants, was set at $150,000, second only to Trump&#8217;s $200,000.</p>
<p>Other high-profile defendants also surrendered Wednesday, including Jenna Ellis, an attorney who prosecutors say was involved in efforts to convince state lawmakers to unlawfully appoint presidential electors, and lawyer Sidney Powell, who is accused of making false statements about the election in Georgia and helping to organize a breach of voting equipment in rural Coffee County.</p>
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</article>
<article id="post-4" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">Who has surrendered to the Fulton County Jail?</h2>
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<div class="content">
<p>At least 19 of the people facing charges in Fulton County, Georgia, have turned themselves into authorities to be booked.</p>
<p>Each of those who surrendered have been released on bond. None of former President Donald Trump&#8217;s co-defendants have yet entered pleas or been arraigned since the booking process is separate in Georgia.</p>
<p>Here is a list of those who have surrendered, the number of charges they face and their bond amount:</p>
<p>Scott Hall, an Atlanta-based bail bondsman, faces seven counts. He agreed to a $10,000 bond.</p>
<p>John Eastman, a former attorney for Trump, faces nine counts. His bond was set at $100,000.</p>
<p>Cathy Latham, a former school teacher, is charged with 11 counts and has a $75,000 bond.</p>
<p>David Shafer, the former Georgia GOP chairman, is charged with eight counts. He has a $75,000 bond.</p>
<p>Kenneth Chesebro, a former Trump campaign attorney, faces seven counts and his bond was set for $100,000.</p>
<p>Ray Smith III, a lawyer who represented Trump in his 2020 election challenges in Georgia, is charged with 12 counts. He agreed to a $50,000.</p>
<p>Sidney Powell, a former federal prosecutor who pushed false election claims, faces seven charges. Her bond was set at $100,000.</p>
<p>Former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani, who was Trump&#8217;s personal attorney, is charged with 13 counts and has a $150,000 bond.</p>
<p>Jenna Ellis, a former senior legal adviser to the Trump 2020 campaign, is charged with two counts and has agreed to a $100,000 bond.</p>
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<article id="post-3" class="article-item" data-post-id="">
<div class="meta meta-upper">
<h2 class="title">First two Trump co-defendants were booked in Fulton County Jail on Tuesday</h2>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="m"><picture><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/320/180/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/640/360/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/720/405/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1440/810/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/480/270/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/960/540/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source srcset="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1, https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/1248/702/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1 2x" media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/livenews.foxnews.com/images/2023/08/624/351/04b3f79b9341ba0402543737799475ec.jpg?tl=1&amp;ve=1" alt="First two Trump co-defendants were booked in Fulton County Jail on Tuesday" /></picture></div>
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<p>Left: Scott Hall, an Atlanta-based bail bondsman, turned himself in to the Fulton County Jail Tuesday morning on seven charges. He has been assigned a $10,000 bond. Right: Former Trump attorney John Eastman turned himself in to the Fulton County Jail Tuesday morning on charges related to advice he gave to the former president on how the 2020 election could be overturned. He accepted a $100,000 bond. (Fulton County Sheriff&#8217;s Office)</p>
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<p>The first two of former President Donald Trump&#8217;s co-defendants in the Georgia election meddling case turned themselves in to authorities Tuesday morning.</p>
<p>Scott Hall, an Atlanta-based bail bondsman, and John Eastman, a former Trump attorney, were each booked at the Fulton County Jail, records show. Hall has been assigned a $10,000 bond for seven charges. Eastman accepted a $100,000 bond.</p>
<p>The two men were indicted last week alongside Trump and 16 others, who are accused by Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis of scheming to subvert the will of Georgia voters in a desperate bid to keep Joe Biden out of the White House. It was the fourth criminal case brought against the Republican former president.</p>
<p>Eastman, a former dean of Chapman University law school in Southern California, faces charges related to his advice to Trump on how the former president could overturn the 2020 election.</p>
<p>Hall is accused of conspiring to unlawfully access voter data and ballot counting machines at the Coffee County Election office on Jan. 7, 2021. His seven charges include one count of violation of the Georgia RICO Act, two counts of conspiracy to commit election fraud, one count of conspiracy to defraud Georgia, and three felony counts related to his alleged actions in Coffee County.</p>
<p>Eastman said in a statement provided by his lawyers that he was surrendering Tuesday &#8220;to an indictment that should never have been brought.&#8221; He lambasted the indictment for targeting &#8220;attorneys for their zealous advocacy on behalf of their clients&#8221; and said each of the 19 defendants was entitled to rely on the advice of lawyers and past legal precedent to challenge the election results.</p>
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<h2 class="title">Federal judge delivers blow to Trump co-defendants in Georgia election case</h2>
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<p>A federal district court judge turned down requests from two co-defendants in the Georgia racketeering case involving former President Trump to transfer jurisdiction of their cases to federal court.</p>
<p>Judge Steve Jones of the Northern District of Georgia issued two simultaneous orders Wednesday, denying the requests from former Trump White House chief of staff Mark Meadows and former Department of Justice civil division chief Jeff Clark. Meadows and Clark requested in their motions that their cases are transferred and for the court to allow them to avoid arrest in the case.</p>
<p>&#8220;Nothing Mr. Meadows is alleged in the indictment to have done is criminal per se: arranging Oval Office meetings, contacting state officials on the President’s behalf, visiting a state government building, and setting up a phone call for the President,&#8221; counsel for Meadows wrote in a court motion filed Aug. 15. &#8220;One would expect a Chief of Staff to the President of the United States to do these sorts of things.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;Mr. Clark asks the Court either to grant a stay (or a temporary restraining order) against Fulton County … or to grant an administrative stay as we describe below,&#8221; counsel for Clark added in a motion on Aug. 21. &#8220;If the Court grants a stay … Mr. Clark would not need to be put the choice of making rushed travel arrangements to fly into Atlanta or instead risking being labeled a fugitive.&#8221;</p>
<p>Both Meadows and Clark argued in their motions that, because they were federal officials at the time of the alleged crimes, their cases should be handled by the federal court system.</p>
<p>However, Jones denied the requests, stating in the Meadows order that &#8220;the clear statutory language for removing a criminal prosecution, does not support an injunction or temporary stay prohibiting [Georgia&#8217;s] enforcement or execution of the arrest warrant against Meadows.&#8221;</p>
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<h2 class="title">Former President Donald Trump to surrender to Fulton County authorities after Georgia indictment</h2>
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<p>Former President Donald Trump on Thursday will turn himself in to authorities in Georgia to face charges for his efforts to overturn the 2020 election in the state.</p>
<p>Trump was charged by Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis with one count of violation of the Georgia RICO Act, three counts of criminal solicitation, six counts of criminal conspiracy, one count of filing false documents and two counts of making false statements.</p>
<p>Judge Scott McAfee of the Fulton County Superior Court set bond for the former president, and current 2024 GOP presidential frontrunner, at $200,000.</p>
<p>Trump and more than a dozen others were charged out of the Fulton County probe, including his former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows, his former attorneys Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Jenna Ellis, Kenneth Chesebro, Jeff Clark, John Eastman, among others.</p>
<p>The charges include violating the Georgia RICO Act—the Racketeer Influenced And Corrupt Organizations Act; Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Impersonating a Public Officer; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; Conspiracy to Commit False Statements and Writings; Conspiracy to Commit Filing False Documents; Conspiracy to Commit Forgery in the First Degree; Filing False Documents; and Solicitation of Violation of Oath by a Public Officer. Not everyone faces the same charges.</p>
<p>Trump&#8217;s indictment out of Fulton County is his fourth.</p>
<p>He is the first former president in United States history to face criminal charges.</p>
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<p><a href="https://www.foxnews.com/live-news/donald-trump-fulton-county-jail-georgia-indictment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">source</a></p>
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<h1 class="headline">Trump says taking a mugshot was &#8216;not a comfortable feeling, especially when you&#8217;ve done nothing wrong&#8217;</h1>
<h2 class="sub-headline speakable">Trump told Fox News Digital in an exclusive interview that officials &#8216;insisted&#8217; he take a mugshot</h2>
<p class="speakable"><strong>EXCLUSIVE</strong>: Former President Trump said Georgia officials &#8220;insisted&#8221; he have a mugshot taken Thursday night during processing at the Fulton County Jail, telling Fox News Digital in an exclusive interview that doing so was &#8220;not a comfortable feeling—especially when you’ve done nothing wrong.&#8221;</p>
<p class="speakable">The former president and current 2024 Republican front-runner turned himself in Thursday night at the Fulton County Jail in Atlanta, Ga. after being charged out of District Attorney Fani Willis’ investigation into his alleged efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election in the state.</p>
<p>Trump, in an exclusive interview with Fox News Digital Thursday night, said officials in Georgia &#8220;insisted&#8221; on a mugshot.</p>
<p>&#8220;They insisted on a mugshot and I agreed to do that,&#8221; he said. &#8220;This is the only time I’ve ever taken a mugshot.&#8221;</p>
<p>He added: &#8220;It is not a comfortable feeling—especially when you’ve done nothing wrong.&#8221;</p>
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<div class="m" data-v-1fd77e21=""><picture data-v-1fd77e21=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/08/640/320/Donald-Trump-Indictment-Fulton-Georgia-Mugshot_02.jpg?ve=1&amp;tl=1" alt="Donald Trump mugshot" /></picture></div>
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<p data-v-1fd77e21=""><span data-v-1fd77e21="">Donald Trump mugshot</span> <span data-v-1fd77e21="">(Fulton County Sheriff&#8217;s Office)</span></p>
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<p>&#8220;This is all about election interference,&#8221; Trump said. &#8220;It all comes through Washington and the DOJ and Crooked Joe Biden—nothing like this has ever happened in our country before.&#8221;</p>
<p>Trump said the United States is &#8220;doing horribly, but now, it is doing worse because we have become a Third World country.&#8221;</p>
<p>The court had set Trump’s bail at $200,000. He was quickly processed and released Thursday evening.</p>
<p>The jail records stated that Trump stands at 6 feet, 3 inches and 215 pounds. The records state he has &#8220;Blond or Strawberry&#8221; hair and blue eyes.</p>
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<div id="google_ads_iframe_/4145/fnc/desk/art/pol/lb3_0__container__">Fox News Digital has learned his formal arraignment, where he is expected to plead not guilty, will take place sometime early next month.</div>
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<p>Trump was <u>charged</u> with one count of violation of the Georgia RICO Act, three counts of criminal solicitation, six counts of criminal conspiracy, one count of filing false documents and two counts of making false statements.</p>
<p>Trump and more than a dozen others were charged out of the Fulton County probe, including his former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows, his former attorneys Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell, Jenna Ellis, Kenneth Chesebro, Jeff Clark, John Eastman, among others.</p>
<p>&#8220;It is election interference,&#8221; he said. &#8220;We did nothing wrong at all. And we have every right every single right to challenge an election that we think is dishonest that we think is very dishonest.&#8221;</p>
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<div class="m" data-v-1fd77e21=""><picture data-v-1fd77e21=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/08/640/320/Georgia-DA-Fani-Willis-Trump-Grand-Jury-Indictment-2.jpg?ve=1&amp;tl=1" alt="Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis talks about Trump indictment" /></picture></div>
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<p data-v-1fd77e21=""><span data-v-1fd77e21="">Fulton County District Attorney Fani Willis speaks in the Fulton County Government Center during a news conference, Monday, Aug. 14, 2023, in Atlanta. Donald Trump and several allies have been indicted in Georgia over efforts to overturn his 2020 election loss in the state.</span> <span data-v-1fd77e21="">(AP Photo/John Bazemore)</span></p>
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<p>Willis, on Thursday, asked the Fulton County court to set a trial date for Trump and all 18 co-defendants in the case for October 23. The move was in response to a motion for a speedy trial from defendant Kenneth Chesebro.</p>
<p>The judge approved the October 23 trial date, but only for Chesebro, as he was the only defendant to request a speedy trial.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, Trump retained Steven Sadow, an Atlanta-based white collar defense attorney, to represent him in the Fulton County case. Sadow will replace Drew Findling, who had been representing him in the matter. Findling is no longer representing Trump, a source familiar told Fox News Digital.</p>
<p>&#8220;I have been retained to represent President Trump in the Fulton County, Georgia case,&#8221; Sadow said in a statement. &#8220;The President should never have been indicted. He is innocent of all the charges brought against him.&#8221;</p>
<p>Sadow added: &#8220;We look forward to the case being dismissed or, if necessary, an unbiased, open minded jury finding the President not guilty. Prosecutions intended to advance or serve the ambitions and careers of political opponents of the President have no place in our justice system.&#8221;</p>
<p>The indictment out of Georgia was the fourth for Trump, who is the first former <u>president</u> in United States history to face criminal charges.</p>
<p>Trump was first charged in March out of Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg’s years-long investigation related to hush-money payments made during the 2016 presidential campaign.</p>
<p>Bragg alleged that Trump &#8220;repeatedly and fraudulently falsified New York business records to conceal criminal conduct that hid damaging information from the voting public during the 2016 presidential election.&#8221;</p>
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<div id="google_ads_iframe_/4145/fnc/desk/art/pol/lb5_0__container__">Trump pleaded not guilty to all 34 felony counts of falsifying business records in the first degree in New York.</div>
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<div class="m" data-v-1fd77e21=""><picture data-v-1fd77e21=""><source media="(max-width: 767px)" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" /><source media="(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)" /><source media="(min-width: 1280px)" /><img decoding="async" src="https://a57.foxnews.com/static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/05/640/320/GettyImages-1252029148-e1683126542179.jpg?ve=1&amp;tl=1" alt="Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg" /></picture></div>
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<p data-v-1fd77e21=""><span data-v-1fd77e21="">Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg was the first prosecutor to bring charges against Trump. </span> <span data-v-1fd77e21="">(Lev Radin/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images)</span></p>
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<p>Those charges from Bragg came amid Special Counsel Jack Smith’s investigation into Trump’s alleged improper retention of classified records from his presidency at his Mar-a-Lago home in Palm Beach, Fla.</p>
<p><u>Trump pleaded not guilty</u> to all 37 felony charges out of that probe. The charges include willful retention of national defense information, conspiracy to obstruct justice and false statements.</p>
<p>Last month, on July 27, Trump was charged with an additional three counts as part of a superseding indictment out of Smith’s investigation — an additional count of willful retention of national defense information and two additional obstruction counts.</p>
<p>Smith was also investigating whether Trump was involved in the Capitol riot on Jan. 6, 2021, and any alleged interference in the 2020 election result.</p>
<p>On Aug. 1, Trump was indicted on four federal charges out of Smith&#8217;s Jan. 6 probe.</p>
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<div class="tl-adchoices">Trump pleaded not guilty to all charges, which included conspiracy to defraud the United States; conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding; obstruction of and attempt to obstruct an official proceeding; and conspiracy against rights.</div>
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		<title>Zamos v. Stroud &#8211; District Attorney Liable for Bad Faith Action</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/zamos-v-stroud-district-attorney-liable-for-bad-faith-action/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Jan 2023 11:22:44 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Zamos v. Stroud &#8211; District Attorney Liable for Bad Faith Action The Maliciou$ Prosecutor &#8211; Either Ignorant or Vindictive Either Way Sub-Par Individuals that Need Mental Help! &#160; Zamos v. Stroud &#124; Attorney Liable for Bad Faith Action Jerome ZAMOS et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. James T. STROUD et al., Defendants and Respondents. &#160; [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #339966;">Zamos v. Stroud</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">District Attorney</span> <span style="color: #339966;">Liable</span> for <span style="color: #ff0000;">Bad Faith <span style="color: #0000ff;">Action</span></span></h1>
<blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">The</span> Maliciou$ <span style="color: #0000ff;">Prosecutor</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #000000;">Either</span> Ignorant <span style="color: #000000;">or</span> Vindictive <span style="color: #000000;">Either Way</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Sub-Par</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Individuals</span> that <span style="color: #0000ff;">Need Mental Help</span>!</span></strong></em></h3>
</blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 class="art-postheader" style="text-align: center;">Zamos v. Stroud | Attorney Liable for Bad Faith Action</h2>
<div class="art-postcontent" style="text-align: center;">
<h3 id="gsl_case_name" style="text-align: center;">Jerome ZAMOS et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants,<br />
v.<br />
James T. STROUD et al., Defendants and Respondents.</h3>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><center><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?scidkt=3494258325073760404&amp;as_sdt=2&amp;hl=en">No. S118032.</a></center><center><b>Supreme Court of California.</b></center><b>12 Cal.Rptr.3d 54 (2004) </b><b>87 P.3d 802  </b><b>32 Cal.4th 958</b></p>
<p><center>April 19, 2004.  As Modified on Denial of Rehearing June 9, 2004.  Jerome Zamos, in pro. per., and for Plaintiffs and Appellants.</center>James T. Stroud, in pro per., and for Defendants and Respondents.</p>
<p>Milam &amp; Larsen and Paul A. Larsen, Princeton, MN, for Association of California Insurance Companies as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents.</p>
<p>BROWN, J.</p>
<p>The question presented by this case is whether, assuming the other elements of the tort are established, an attorney may be held liable for malicious prosecution [bad faith action] when he <i>commences</i> a lawsuit properly but then <i>continue</i>‘s to prosecute it after learning it is not supported by probable cause.<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[1]" name="r[1]">[1]</a></sup> We conclude an attorney may be held liable for continuing to prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[2]" name="r[2]">[2]</a></sup></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The instant case for malicious prosecution is based upon a lawsuit (the fraud lawsuit) brought by Patricia Brookes (Brookes) — who is named as a defendant in this case but is not a party to this appeal — against [Jerome Zamos and Odion L. Okojie (collectively Zamos)]. Zamos had represented Brookes in another lawsuit (the foreclosure lawsuit) arising from the foreclosure on her house. Jerome Zamos and [ ] Okojie practiced law together. Jerome Zamos was the attorney who primarily represented Brookes in the foreclosure lawsuit, although Okojie made some appearances in that case.</p>
<p>After a jury trial of the foreclosure lawsuit, when it appeared that the jury was deadlocked, Brookes settled the lawsuit against some of the defendants in that case in exchange for $250,000 paid by those settling defendants as damages for emotional distress. Out of that $250,000, Zamos received $83,333.33 as a contingency fee, and Brookes received $166,666.67. As part of the settlement, Brookes expressly released all claims to her house. The terms of the settlement agreement were stated on the record before the court at two separate hearings. Brookes appeared by telephone at the first hearing, held on October 27, 1995, and appeared personally at the second hearing, held on October 30, 1995.</p>
<p>Almost two years later, in 1997, Brookes sued Zamos for fraud, among other claims, based upon certain alleged representations Zamos made to induce her to settle the foreclosure lawsuit. Brookes alleged that Jerome Zamos told her that (1) he would continue to represent her (to judgment) against the nonsettling defendants in the foreclosure lawsuit, (2) he would substitute into and represent Brookes in a malpractice lawsuit Brookes filed against her former attorneys (the malpractice lawsuit), (3) he would have her house returned to her, and (4) he would withdraw from representing her in the foreclosure lawsuit if Brookes did not accept the settlement. Brookes also alleged, among other things, that Mr. Zamos never intended to keep his first three promises and that Zamos withdrew from representing her against the nonsettling defendants, never substituted into the malpractice lawsuit, and never tried to have her house returned to her.</p>
<p>[James T. Stroud, Van T. Do, and their law firm, Stroud &amp; Do (collectively Stroud)] represented Brookes in the fraud lawsuit. In October 1997, shortly <i>after</i> Brookes’s fraud lawsuit was served on Odion Okojie, Zamos sent to Stroud reporter’s transcripts of three hearings in the foreclosure lawsuit, which transcripts Zamos contended proved that Brookes’s fraud claim had no merit. The first two hearings reflected in the transcripts were those held on October 27, 1995 and October 30, 1995, and the transcripts show that Brookes was told and agreed that she was releasing all claims to her house and that Zamos would not substitute into the malpractice <a>57</a><a>*57</a> lawsuit. The third hearing, held on January 29, 1996, was a hearing on Zamos’s motion to be relieved as counsel in the foreclosure lawsuit. During that hearing, Jerome Zamos explained that he had submitted all of the paperwork necessary for entry of default against the nonsettling defendants, and the trial court explained to Brookes that Zamos would be relieved as counsel and that Brookes would be responsible for bringing the default to judgment. When the trial court asked Brookes whether “there [was] a problem” with relieving Zamos as counsel, Brookes responded, “No, not really.” The transcript even shows that Brookes contended that Zamos was never her attorney of record, and she complained that Zamos forced her to come into court for the hearing; she asked the court, “Why couldn’t he just send me whatever to be relieved of counsel?” A short time later, Brookes told the court, “I don’t care if you sign him off or not. He’s never been on.”</p>
<p>After Stroud and Brookes refused to dismiss the fraud lawsuit against Zamos despite these transcripts, Zamos moved for summary judgment. In opposition to Zamos’s motion for summary judgment, Stroud submitted a declaration signed by Brookes in which Brookes stated, among other things, that she agreed to settle the foreclosure lawsuit in reliance upon Zamos’s promises to (1) continue representing her against the nonsettling defendants, (2) represent her in the malpractice lawsuit, and (3) have her house returned to her. The trial court questioned whether Brookes could establish that she was damaged as a result of Zamos’s alleged fraud, but the court nonetheless denied Zamos’s motion, although it did so “reluctantly,” finding that Brookes’s declaration raised a triable issue of fact regarding whether Zamos made the alleged promises.</p>
<p>Brookes’s fraud lawsuit proceeded to trial before a judge who had not been the judge in any of the other proceedings in that case. Before the trial began, the trial judge informed the parties that he had read the transcripts of the three hearings discussed above in preparation for ruling on several motions. Based on the judge’s understanding of Brookes’s anticipated testimony, he warned Mr. Stroud several times that he needed to advise Brookes of her Fifth Amendment rights, and that he would notify the district attorney’s office if Brookes’s testimony at trial contradicted those transcripts because such testimony would be perjurious.</p>
<p>[Carl A.] Taylor and [Nancy M.] Peterson testified at the trial. Apparently (although the record is not entirely clear), Brookes was unable to testify due to health reasons, and Zamos had to put on the defense before the plaintiff’s case-in-chief was completed. When Brookes failed to appear after all other witnesses had completed their testimony, Stroud asked for a continuance to allow her an additional opportunity to appear. The trial court denied Stroud’s request and granted Zamos’s motion for a nonsuit. In granting the motion, the court found that, even if Brookes testified in accordance with the offers of proof that had been made, “no reasonable jury would ever provide a judgment for [Brookes].” In addition, the court found that, based upon the transcripts of the hearings regarding the settlement of the foreclosure lawsuit, Brookes’s settlement of that lawsuit “acts as a bar probably in the form of estoppel to [Brookes’s fraud lawsuit].”</p>
<p>Following entry of judgment in the fraud lawsuit, Zamos filed the instant malicious prosecution action against Brookes, Stroud, Taylor, and Peterson. Zamos alleged on information and belief that Taylor encouraged Brookes to file the fraud lawsuit <a>58</a><a>*58</a>against Zamos and engaged Stroud to represent Brookes, and that Peterson urged Brookes to file the fraud lawsuit and gave false testimony to assist Brookes in prosecuting the lawsuit. Zamos also alleged that defendants prosecuted the fraud lawsuit to extort an unwarranted settlement by Zamos.</p>
<p>Stroud, Taylor, and Peterson filed a joint anti-SLAPP<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[3]" name="r[3]">[3]</a></sup> motion in which they argued that Zamos could not show a reasonable probability of success on the malicious prosecution claim. Stroud asserted that Zamos cannot show that the fraud lawsuit was brought without probable cause because Stroud’s decision to file the action was based upon (1) Brookes’s statements regarding Zamos’s alleged promises; (2) corroboration by Peterson and, to a lesser degree, by Taylor; and (3) the timing of Zamos’s alleged promises, Zamos’s receipt of the contingency fee from the settlement, and Zamos’s motion to be relieved as counsel in the foreclosure lawsuit. Taylor and Peterson asserted that Zamos [could not] hold them liable for malicious prosecution because their sole involvement with the fraud lawsuit was as witnesses, and thus they [were] protected by the litigation privilege.</p>
<p>In opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion, Zamos presented evidence that shortly after the fraud lawsuit was filed Stroud received the transcripts that Zamos contended gave notice to Stroud that the fraud lawsuit had no merit. Zamos also presented evidence that Taylor sought counsel to represent Brookes in the fraud lawsuit and gave assistance to Stroud during Peterson’s deposition. (Taylor graduated from law school, although apparently he is not a licensed attorney.) Zamos contended that this evidence shows that Taylor was actively involved in maliciously prosecuting the fraud lawsuit. Finally, Zamos presented evidence that Peterson was not present or within hearing distance when Jerome Zamos spoke with Brookes about the settlement agreement in the foreclosure lawsuit, and therefore Peterson is liable for malicious prosecution because her assertion that she heard Mr. Zamos make the alleged promises at issue in the fraud lawsuit was demonstrably false.</p>
<p>The trial court granted the anti-SLAPP motion as to all of the moving parties. As to Stroud, the court found that Stroud had probable cause to bring the lawsuit based upon Brookes’s representations that were corroborated by Taylor and Peterson. The court held that Taylor and Peterson were immune from liability under the “common law witness immunity doctrine” set forth in <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15871548813309646312&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Briscoe v. LaHue</i> (1983) 460 U.S. 325, 103 S.Ct. 1108, 75 L.Ed.2d 96</a> and <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12334899517976626709&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Silberg v. Anderson</i> (1990) 50 Cal.3d 205, 214, 266 Cal.Rptr. 638, 786 P.2d 365</a>. The court awarded $3,000 in attorney fees to Taylor and $3,000 in attorney fees to Peterson. Zamos timely appealed from the trial court’s order dismissing the entire action against Stroud, Taylor, and Peterson and awarding attorney fees.</p>
<p>[The Court of Appeal affirmed the dismissal as to Taylor and Peterson, holding that Zamos failed to meet their burden to demonstrate that their malicious prosecution claim would succeed against Taylor and Peterson. However, the Court of Appeal reversed the dismissal as to Stroud, “hold[ing] that Zamos met his burden with respect to Stroud because we conclude that an attorney may be liable for malicious prosecution if the attorney continues <a>59</a><a>*59</a> to prosecute a lawsuit after discovery of facts showing the lawsuit has no merit.”]</p>
<p>[Both plaintiffs Jerome Zamos and Odion Okojie and defendants James Stroud and Van Do petitioned this court for review. Defendants’ petition was granted; plaintiffs’ petition was denied.]</p>
<p>[We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.]</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>II. DISCUSSION</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>A. Interface Between Anti-SLAPP Statute and Malicious Prosecution</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16, the anti-SLAPP statute, provides in relevant part: “A cause of action against a person arising from any act of that person in furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue shall be subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court determines that the plaintiff has established that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim.” (<i>Id.,</i> § 425.16, subd. (b)(1).) Under this statute, the party moving to strike a cause of action has the initial burden to show that the cause of action “aris [es] from [an] act … in furtherance of the [moving party’s] right of petition or free speech.” (<i>Ibid.; </i><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12354398949811480495&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Equilon, supra,</i> 29 Cal.4th at p. 67, 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 507, 52 P.3d 685</a>.) Once that burden is met, the burden shifts to the opposing party to demonstrate the “probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 425.16, subd. (b)(1); <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12354398949811480495&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Equilon, supra,</i> 29 Cal.4th at p. 67, 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 507, 52 P.3d 685</a>.) “To satisfy this prong, the plaintiff must state[ ] and substantiate[] a legally sufficient claim. [Citation.] Put another way, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the complaint is both legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is credited.”‘ [Citation.]” (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9906507013741619709&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche</i> (2003) 31 Cal.4th 728, 741, 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 636, 74 P.3d 737,</a> fn. omitted (<i>Jarrow Formulas</i>).)</p>
<p>The parties agree that plaintiffs’ malicious prosecution action arises from acts in furtherance of defendants’ right of petition or free speech.<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[4]" name="r[4]">[4]</a></sup> Thus, the issue is whether plaintiffs presented evidence in opposition to defendants’ anti-SLAPP motion that, if believed by the trier of fact, was sufficient to support a judgment in plaintiffs’ favor. Whether plaintiffs have established a prima facie case is a question of law. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9853066363997777405&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Wilson v. Parker, Covert &amp; Chidester</i> (2002) 28 Cal.4th 811, 821, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 50 P.3d 733 (<i>Wilson</i>)</a> [“In deciding the question of potential merit, the trial court considers the pleadings and evidentiary submissions of both the plaintiff and the defendant ([Code Civ. Proc.,] § 425.16, subd. (b)(2)); though the court does not <i>weigh</i>the credibility or comparative probative strength of competing evidence, it should grant the motion if, as a matter of law, the defendant’s evidence supporting the motion defeats the plaintiff’s attempt to establish evidentiary support for the claim”].)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>B. Liability for Continuing to Prosecute Lawsuit Found to Lack Merit</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Previously, this court has characterized one of the elements of the tort of malicious prosecution as <i>commencing, bringing, or initiating</i> an action without probable <a>60</a><a>*60</a>cause. “`To establish a cause of action for the malicious prosecution, of a civil proceeding a plaintiff must plead and prove that the prior action (1) was <i>commenced</i>by or at the direction of the defendant and was pursued to a legal termination in his, plaintiff’s, favor [citations]; (2) was <i>brought</i> without probable cause [citations]; and (3) was <i>initiated</i> with malice [citations].’ (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5318603391599229259&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Bertero [v. National General</i> (1974) 13 Cal.3d 43,</a>] 50, 118 Cal.Rptr. 184, 529 P.2d 608 [(<i>Bertero</i>)].” (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4296829038733855002&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Crowley v. Katleman</i> (1994) 8 Cal.4th 666, 676, 34 Cal.Rptr.2d 386, 881 P.2d 1083 (<i>Crowley</i>)</a>, italics added.)</p>
<p>Defendants contend <i>continuing</i> to prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause does not constitute the tort of malicious prosecution, and in making this argument they rely heavily on the torts being a <i>disfavored</i> cause of action.</p>
<p>The tort of malicious prosecution is disfavored both because of its `potential to impose an undue “chilling effect” on the ordinary citizen’s willingness to report criminal conduct or to bring a civil dispute to court’ [(<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7548463101907708271&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Sheldon Appel Co. v. Albert Oliker</i> (1989) 47 Cal.3d 863, 872, 254 Cal.Rptr. 336, 765 P.2d 498</a> (<i>Sheldon Appel Co.</i>)]) and because, as a means of deterring excessive and frivolous lawsuits, it has the disadvantage of constituting a new round of litigation itself (<i>id.</i> at p. 873, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7548463101907708271&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">254 Cal.Rptr. 336, 765 P.2d 498</a>).” (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9853066363997777405&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Wilson, supra,</i> 28 Cal.4th at p. 817, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 50 P.3d 733</a>.) For these reasons, we have declined to extend the scope of the tort. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4296829038733855002&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Crowley, supra,</i> 8 Cal.4th at p. 680, 34 Cal.Rptr.2d 386, 881 P.2d 1083</a>; <i>Sheldon Appel Co.,</i> at p. 873, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7548463101907708271&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">254 Cal.Rptr. 336, 765 P.2d 498</a>.)</p>
<p>On the other hand, we have cautioned that this convenient phrase, i.e., the characterization of malicious prosecution as a <i>disfavored</i> cause of action, should not be employed to defeat a legitimate cause of action or to invent [ ] new limitations on the substantive right, which are without support in principle or authority. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5318603391599229259&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Bertero, supra,</i> 13 Cal.3d at p. 53, 118 Cal.Rptr. 184, 529 P.2d 608</a>; see <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4296829038733855002&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Crowley, supra,</i> 8 Cal.4th at p. 680, 34 Cal.Rptr.2d 386, 881 P.2d 1083</a>.)</p>
<p>Confining the tort of malicious prosecution to the <i>initiation</i> of a suit without probable cause would be, we conclude, without support in authority or in principle.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2><i>1. Authority</i></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The question we address today is a question of first impression in this court, and was first addressed by a California Court of Appeal only two years ago.<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[5]" name="r[5]">[5]</a></sup> However, so far as our research reveals, the rule in every other state that has addressed the question is, and in many states has long been, that the tort of malicious prosecution<i>does</i> include continuing to prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause.</p>
<p>Over 25 years ago the drafters of the Restatement Second of Torts (Restatement) stated that one who continues a civil proceeding that has properly been begun or one who takes an active part in its continuation for an improper purpose after he has learned that there is no probable <a>61</a><a>*61</a> cause for the proceeding becomes liable as if he had then initiated the proceeding. (Rest., 674, com. c, p. 453.)<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[6]" name="r[6]">[6]</a></sup> Indeed, almost 80 years ago Corpus Juris, in reciting the elements of an action for malicious prosecution, stated the first element as the commencement <i>or continuance</i> of an original criminal or civil judicial proceeding. (38 C.J. (1925) Malicious Prosecution, 5, p. 386, italics added; see 34 Am.Jur. (1941) Malicious Prosecution, 26, p. 718.)<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[7]" name="r[7]">[7]</a></sup></p>
<p>The Restatement’s position on this question has been adopted or was anticipated by the courts of a substantial number of states: Alabama (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?about=13667197456364317995&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Laney v. Glidden Co., Inc.</i>(1940) 239 Ala. 396, 194 So. 849, 851-852</a>); Arizona (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15850719302880480370&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Smith v. Lucia</i> (Ct.App.1992) 173 Ariz. 290, 842 P.2d 1303, 1308</a>); Arkansas (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13629696161464611250&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>McLaughlin v. Cox</i> (1996) 324 Ark. 361, 922 S.W.2d 327, 331-332</a>); Colorado (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?about=2806104420026455539&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Slee v. Simpson</i> (1932) 91 Colo. 461, 15 P.2d 1084, 1085</a>); Idaho (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4433193622025445168&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Badell v. Beeks</i> (1988) 115 Idaho 101, 765 P.2d 126, 128</a>); Iowa (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14764565508809649963&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Wilson v. Hayes</i> (Iowa 1990) 464 N.W.2d 250, 264</a>); Kansas (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=14227293227117795363&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Nelson v. Miller</i>(1980) 227 Kan. 271, 607 P.2d 438, 447-448</a>); Mississippi (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6849671898395656848&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Benjamin v. Hooper Electronic Supply Co., Inc.</i> (Miss.1990) 568 So.2d 1182, 1189, fn. 6</a>); New York (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4811326357434002147&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Broughton v. State of New York</i> (1975) 37 N.Y.2d 451, 457, 373 N.Y.S.2d 87, 335 N.E.2d 310</a>); Ohio (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?about=14045198491990138972&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Siegel v. O.M. Scott &amp; Sons Co.</i> (Ohio Ct.App.1943) 73 Ohio App. 347, 56 N.E.2d 345, 347</a>); Oregon (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12026028472295171571&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Wroten v. Lenske</i> (1992) 114 Or.App. 305, 835 P.2d 931, 933-934</a>); Pennsylvania (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?about=1031352222292930363&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Wenger v. Philips</i> (1900) 195 Pa. 214, 45 A. 927</a>); and Washington (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9441392296948466594&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Banks v. Nordstrom, Inc.</i> (1990) 57 Wash.App. 251, 787 P.2d 953, 956-957</a>).</p>
<p>Even more significantly, defendants have not brought to our attention, nor has our own research revealed, a single state that has declined to adopt the Restatements view in this regard.</p>
<p>Defendants’ position, that the tort of malicious prosecution does not include continuing a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause, is no more supported by the decisions of this court than it is by out-of-state authority.</p>
<p>Defendants rely upon two decisions of Division Seven of the Second District — <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17399684564386475730&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Swat-Fame, supra,</i> 101 Cal.App.4th 613, 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 556</a> and <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15797505523440938028&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Vanzant, supra,</i> 96 Cal.App.4th 1283, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 48</a>. In <i>Swat-Fame,</i> the plaintiff in a malicious prosecution action contended “a party can be held liable for malicious prosecution even if he or she first becomes aware of facts that negate the claim after the litigation is commenced. . . .” (<i>Swat-Fame,</i> at pp. 627-628, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17399684564386475730&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">124 Cal.Rptr.2d 556</a>.) Reiterating the position it had taken five <a>62</a><a>*62</a> months earlier in <i>Vanzant,</i> Division Seven of the Second District Court of Appeal rejected the contention. (<i>Id.</i> at p. 628, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17399684564386475730&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">124 Cal.Rptr.2d 556</a>.) <i>Vanzant</i> relied upon this courts decision in <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7634417071847937906&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Coleman v. Gulf Ins. Group</i> (1986) 41 Cal.3d 782, 226 Cal.Rptr. 90, 718 P.2d 77 (<i>Coleman</i>)</a> for the proposition that “California courts have typically refused to permit malicious prosecution claims where, as here, the claim is based on the continuation of a properly initiated existing proceeding.” (<i>Vanzant,</i> at pp. 1290-1291, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15797505523440938028&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">118 Cal.Rptr.2d 48</a>.)</p>
<p><i>Coleman</i> is distinguishable. In order to establish a cause of action for malicious prosecution, a plaintiff must prove “`the prior action . . . was commenced by or at the direction of the <i>defendant</i> [in the malicious prosecution action].’ [Citation.]” (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7634417071847937906&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Coleman, supra,</i> 41 Cal.3d at p. 793, 226 Cal.Rptr. 90, 718 P.2d 77,</a> italics added.) In <i>Coleman,</i>the underlying action was commenced by the <i>plaintiffs</i> in the malicious prosecution action. Therefore, in order to establish their cause of action against the defendant’s insurer for malicious prosecution, the plaintiffs argued that the insurer, in maliciously causing the defendant to file a frivolous appeal, caused the initiation of a <i>separate action.</i> This is the argument the <i>Coleman</i> court rejected.</p>
<p>In the underlying action in <i>Coleman,</i> the survivors of a man who drowned in a city swimming pool brought a wrongful death action against the city and were awarded $350,000 in damages. During the pendency of the city’s appeal, the city’s insurer offered the plaintiffs less than half the judgment award to settle, and plaintiffs declined, but later accepted a settlement of $300,000. The plaintiffs then sued the insurer, which allegedly controlled all aspects of the defense, on the ground, among others, of malicious prosecution, claiming the appeal had been frivolous, designed solely to force the plaintiffs to settle for a fraction of the judgment and to enable the insurer to realize interest earnings during the pendency of the appeal based on the differential between the statutory rate of interest and the market rate. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7634417071847937906&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Coleman, supra,</i> 41 Cal.3d at pp. 788-789, 226 Cal.Rptr. 90, 718 P.2d 77</a>.)</p>
<p>The <i>Coleman</i> court distinguished <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5318603391599229259&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Bertero, supra,</i> 13 Cal.3d 43, 118 Cal.Rptr. 184, 529 P.2d 608</a>. In <i>Bertero,</i> this court held malicious prosecution may include maliciously filing a cross-complaint. “By seeking affirmative relief [through a cross-complaint],” the <i>Bertero</i> court pointed out, the “defendants . . . did more than attempt to repel [the plaintiff’s] attack; they took the offensive in attempting to prosecute a cause of action of their own.” (<i>Bertero,</i> at p. 53, 118 Cal.Rptr. 184, 529 P.2d 608.) “By contrast,” the <i>Coleman</i> court held, “filing an appeal `is not a separate proceeding and has no independent existence’ [citation]; it is merely the continuation of an action. [Citation.] Based on the reasoning of <i>Bertero,</i> a defendant’s appeal cannot be considered a separate action `seeking affirmative relief,’ but rather is merely the continuation of an attempt `to repel’ plaintiff’s attack.” (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7634417071847937906&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Coleman, supra,</i> 41 Cal.3d at p. 794, 226 Cal.Rptr. 90, 718 P.2d 77,</a> fn. omitted.)</p>
<p>The operative distinction, then, is between continuing a prosecution and continuing a defense. In <i>Coleman,</i> the defendant in the malicious prosecution action had merely continued its defense of the underlying wrongful death action by causing the filing of the appeal in that action.<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[8]" name="r[8]">[8]</a></sup> Here, according to the evidence presented <a>63</a><a>*63</a> in opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion, defendants in the malicious prosecution action continued their prosecution of the underlying fraud action after learning it was baseless.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2><i>2. Principle</i></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Just as it is without support in authority, the limitation defendants urge is also without support in principle. Malicious prosecution “is actionable because it harms the individual against whom the claim is made, and also because it threatens the efficient administration of justice.” (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5318603391599229259&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Bertero, supra,</i> 13 Cal.3d at p. 50, 118 Cal.Rptr. 184, 529 P.2d 608</a>; see <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4296829038733855002&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Crowley, supra,</i> 8 Cal.4th at p. 677, 34 Cal.Rptr.2d 386, 881 P.2d 1083</a>.) Continuing an action one discovers to be baseless harms the defendant and burdens the court system just as much as initiating an action known to be baseless from the outset. (See 1 Harper et al., The Law of Torts (3d ed.1996) § 4.3, p. 4:13 [“Clearly, it is as much a wrong against the victim and as socially or morally unjustifiable to take an active part in a prosecution after knowledge that there is no factual foundation for it, as to instigate such a proceeding in the first place”].) As the Court of Appeal in this case observed, “It makes little sense to hold attorneys accountable for their knowledge when they file a lawsuit, but not for their knowledge the next day.”</p>
<p>Moreover, as the Court of Appeal went on to point out, “Holding attorneys liable for the damages a party incurs as a result of the attorneys prosecuting civil claims after they learn the claims have no merit also will encourage voluntary dismissals of meritless claims at the earliest stage possible. Because an attorney will be liable only for the damages incurred from the time the attorney reasonably should have caused the dismissal of the lawsuit after learning it has no merit, an attorney can avoid liability by promptly causing the dismissal of, or withdrawing as attorney in, the lawsuit. This will assist in the efficient administration of justice and reduce the harm to individuals targeted by meritless claims. Moreover, by advising a client to dismiss a meritless case, the attorney will serve the client’s best interests in that the client will avoid the cost of fruitless litigation, and the client’s exposure to liability for malicious prosecution will be limited.”</p>
<p>Defendants contend our holding — that malicious prosecution includes continuing to prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause — would be unworkable and therefore contrary to public policy. Defendants assert the holding would be unworkable because it would divert an attorney’s attention away from the zealous representation of his or her client by causing the attorney (1) continually to second-guess the merits of the litigation and (2) to fear retaliation for malicious prosecution if the attorney argues for an extension of the law. We disagree. Only those actions that any reasonable attorney would agree are totally and completely without merit may form the basis for a malicious prosecution suit. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9853066363997777405&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Wilson, supra,</i> 28 Cal.4th at p. 817, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 50 P.3d 733</a>; <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7548463101907708271&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Sheldon Appel, supra,</i> 47 Cal.3d at p. 886, 254 Cal.Rptr. 336, 765 P.2d 498</a>.) The same standard will apply to the continuation as to the initiation of a suit. Applying the standard in any given case may be very difficult. However, applying it to the decision to continue to prosecute a case should be no more or less difficult than applying it to the decision to initiate a case.<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[9]" name="r[9]">[9]</a></sup></p>
<p>For the reasons stated, we conclude an attorney may be held liable for malicious prosecution for continuing to <a>64</a><a>*64</a> prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>C. Defendants’ Prima Facie Liability</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>As we stated earlier, the parties agree that plaintiffs’ malicious prosecution action arises from acts in furtherance of defendants’ right of petition or free speech. Thus, the issue is whether plaintiffs presented evidence in opposition to defendants’ anti-SLAPP motion that, if believed by the trier of fact, was sufficient to support a judgment in plaintiffs’ favor. Plaintiffs, we conclude, did make the required showing.</p>
<p>As the Court of Appeal observed, “Whether the facts known to Stroud constituted probable cause to prosecute the fraud lawsuit is a question of law. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9853066363997777405&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Wilson, supra,</i> 28 Cal.4th at p. 817, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 50 P.3d 733</a>.) The court must `make an objective determination of the “reasonableness” of [Stroud’s] conduct, i.e., to determine whether, on the basis of the facts known to [Stroud], the institution [and prosecution] of the [fraud lawsuit] was legally tenable.’ (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7548463101907708271&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Sheldon Appel, supra,</i> 47 Cal.3d at p. 878, 254 Cal.Rptr. 336, 765 P.2d 498</a>.) The test applied to determine whether a claim is tenable is `whether any reasonable attorney would have thought the claim tenable.’ (<i>Id.</i> at p. 886, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7548463101907708271&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">254 Cal.Rptr. 336, 765 P.2d 498</a>.)[¶] In the present case, . . . Stroud presented evidence in support of the anti-SLAPP motion to show that the facts available to Stroud <i>at the time the lawsuit was filed</i> were sufficient to support a cause of action for fraud. But in opposition to the motion, Zamos presented evidence that Stroud was given transcripts <i>shortly after the fraud lawsuit was filed</i>that, Zamos contends, show[s] that Stroud knew or should have known that the fraud lawsuit had no merit.”</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2><i>1. Zamos’s alleged promise to represent Brookes in the foreclosure action</i></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Brookes alleged that Jerome Zamos told her he would continue to represent her against the nonsettling defendants in the foreclosure lawsuit. However, at the January 29, 1996 hearing, the judge advised Brookes there was a motion pending to relieve Mr. Zamos in the foreclosure matter. “Is there a problem?” he asked her. “No,” Brookes replied, “other than I can’t understand how Mr. Zamos can be relieved when he’s never been my attorney of record to my knowledge.” After listening to Brookes’s rambling diatribe against Zamos, the judge asked her, “What’s the point?” “The point,” Brookes replied, “is I don’t care if you sign him off or not. He’s never been on.” Brookes was apparently being sarcastic because as the judge pointed out, Mr. Zamos had tried the foreclosure matter and had persisted in obtaining a favorable settlement for her “when lesser lawyers would have just bowed out.” Hearing no objection whatsoever from Brookes regarding Mr. Zamos’s motion to be relieved, the judge, after admonishing Brookes that she “couldn’t have had a better lawyer than Mr. Zamos,” ordered him relieved.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2><i>2. Zamos’s alleged promise to represent Brookes in the malpractice action</i></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Brookes alleged that Jerome Zamos told her he would substitute into and represent her in a malpractice lawsuit Brookes had filed against her former attorneys. However,<a>65</a><a>*65</a> as the Court of Appeal stated, the “transcript of [the] October 30, 1995 settlement hearing in the foreclosure lawsuit . . . shows that before Brookes agreed to the settlement, Brookes and Zamos stated on the record that Brookes had changed her mind regarding Zamos’s representation in the malpractice lawsuit and that Zamos was <i>not</i> going to represent Brookes in that lawsuit.”</p>
<p>On Friday, October 27, 1995, in a phone call he placed to Brookes in open court, Jerome Zamos advised Brookes he would represent her in the malpractice action. However, on Monday, October 30, 1995, Mr. Zamos advised the court he would not be doing so, after all, and that Brookes had another attorney who would be representing her in that matter. Brookes, who was present in court on this occasion, acknowledged, “That’s correct, yes.”</p>
<p>Defendants assert “there is testimony from Taylor that he was <i>later</i> told by Brookes that Zamos had promised to get back into the case.” To the contrary, Taylor’s statement was unclear in this regard. In a declaration, Taylor stated Brookes told him “she had been promised that Mr. Zamos would continue with the malpractice lawsuit against [her former attorneys] and that it would be taken to a conclusion as long as the offer to settle was accepted.” However, Taylor did <i>not</i> claim that his second conversation with Brookes occurred <i>after</i> Brookes acknowledged in court on Monday, October 30, that Jerome Zamos was <i>not</i> going to represent her in the malpractice action. Taylor merely stated he spoke to Brookes on “a Friday in late October of 1995” and again “on the following Monday.”</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2><i>3. Zamos’s alleged promise that Brookes’s house would be returned to her</i></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Brookes alleged that Jerome Zamos promised Brookes he would secure the return of her house. As the Court of Appeal stated, “The October 30, 1995 transcript shows that Brookes was told repeatedly that she would be giving up <i>all</i> claims to her house if she agreed to the settlement.”</p>
<p>Defendants do not dispute this characterization of the record. Instead, defendants claim that, off the record, Jerome Zamos told Brookes “the settlement would be for `post eviction’ damages and that the claim for [her] house could still proceed.”</p>
<p>Contrary to Brookes’s claim that she agreed to the settlement in reliance on an assurance from Jerome Zamos that she would still be able to proceed with an action to have her house returned to her, Brookes initially declined the settlement,<i>complaining that he had never discussed it with her.</i> Then, after having been given an opportunity to consult by phone with someone other than Mr. Zamos, someone who was not an attorney, Brookes decided to accept the settlement.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>III. CONCLUSION</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Malicious prosecution, we hold, includes continuing to prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause. Accordingly, we disapprove of <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17399684564386475730&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Swat-Fame, Inc. v. Goldstein, supra,</i> 101 Cal.App.4th 613, 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 556</a> and <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15797505523440938028&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Vanzant v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., supra,</i> 96 Cal.App.4th 1283, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 48,</a> as well as<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13812514946081266269&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Morrison v. Rudolph, supra,</i> 103 Cal.App.4th 506, 126 Cal.Rptr.2d 747,</a> insofar as they are inconsistent with the views expressed herein.</p>
<p>Plaintiffs did present evidence in opposition to defendants’ anti-SLAPP motion that, if believed by the trier of fact, was sufficient to support a judgment in plaintiffs’ favor. Therefore, we affirm the judgment <a>66</a><a>*66</a> of the Court of Appeal reversing the order of the trial court dismissing plaintiffs malicious prosecution claim against defendants.<sup><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#[10]" name="r[10]">[10]</a></sup></p>
<p>WE CONCUR: GEORGE, C.J., KENNARD, BAXTER, WERDEGAR, CHIN and MORENO, JJ.</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[1]" name="[1]">[1]</a> As a convenient shorthand, we will refer to this as <i>continuing to prosecute a lawsuit discovered to lack probable cause.</i></p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[2]" name="[2]">[2]</a> We adopt the Court of Appeal’s statement of the factual and procedural background. Brackets enclosing material in that part of the opinion (other than citations) denote insertions or additions by this court. Defendants James T. Stroud and Van T. Do petitioned for rehearing, and in their petition objected in certain respects to the Court of Appeal’s statement of the facts. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 28(c)(2).) The petition was denied. In part II.C., we discuss defendants’ objections and find they do not undermine the factual conclusions or the judgment of the Court of Appeal.</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[3]" name="[3]">[3]</a> [SLAPP stands for <i>strategic lawsuit against public participation.</i> (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12354398949811480495&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Equilon Enterprises, LLC v. Consumer Cause, Inc.</i> (2002) 29 Cal.4th 53, 57, fn. 1, 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 507, 52 P.3d 685 (<i>Equilon</i>)</a>.)]</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[4]" name="[4]">[4]</a> In <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9906507013741619709&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Jarrow Formulas, supra,</i> 31 Cal.4th at page 741, 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 636, 74 P.3d 737,</a> we declined to create a categorical exemption from the anti-SLAPP statute for malicious prosecution actions.</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[5]" name="[5]">[5]</a> Prior to this case, only one division of the Court of Appeal — Division Seven of the Second District — had addressed this question. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17399684564386475730&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Swat-Fame, Inc. v. Goldstein</i> (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 613, 627-629, 124 Cal.Rptr.2d 556 (<i>Swat-Fame</i>)</a>; <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15797505523440938028&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Vanzant v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.</i> (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 1283, 1290-1291, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 48 (<i>Vanzant</i>)</a>.) After the decision in this case was filed, <i>Swat-Fame</i> was followed by Division Three of the Fourth District. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13812514946081266269&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Morrison v. Rudolph</i> (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 506, 514, 126 Cal.Rptr.2d 747 (<i>Morrison</i>)</a>.)</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[6]" name="[6]">[6]</a> Section 674 of the Restatement (section 674) provides:</p>
<p>“One who takes an active part in the initiation, <i>continuation</i> or procurement of civil proceedings against another is subject to liability to the other for wrongful civil proceedings if</p>
<p>“(a) he acts without probable cause, and primarily for a purpose other than that of securing the proper adjudication of the claim in which the proceedings are based, and</p>
<p>“(b) except when they are ex parte, the proceedings have terminated in favor of the person against whom they are brought.” (Italics added.)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[7]" name="[7]">[7]</a> Corpus Juris Secundum continues to state that “[t]he commencement <i>or continuation</i> of the original proceeding by defendant against plaintiff is essential to an action for malicious prosecution.” (54 C.J.S. (1988) Malicious Prosecution or Wrongful Litigation, § 17, p. 537, italics added.) American Jurisprudence Second concurs, giving the first element of the tort of malicious prosecution as “the institution <i>or continuation</i> of original judicial proceedings by, or at the instance of, the defendant.” (52 Am.Jur.2d (2000) Malicious Prosecution, § 8, p. 145, fns. omitted &amp; italics added.)</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[8]" name="[8]">[8]</a> <i>Vanzant</i> also relied upon <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13668351304986187072&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Merlet v. Rizzo</i> (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 53, 75 Cal.Rptr.2d 83 (<i>Merlet</i>)</a> and<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6766997531747318115&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Adams v. Superior Court</i> (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 521, 3 Cal.Rptr.2d 49 (<i>Adams</i>)</a>. (<a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15797505523440938028&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Vanzant, supra,</i> 96 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1290-1291, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 48</a>.) <i>Merlet</i> and <i>Adams</i> are distinguishable, as well. These two cases simply involved application of the familiar rule that subsidiary procedural actions cannot be the basis for malicious prosecution claims. (<i>Merlet,</i> at p. 59, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13668351304986187072&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">75 Cal.Rptr.2d 83</a>; <i>Adams,</i> at p. 528, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6766997531747318115&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">3 Cal.Rptr.2d 49</a>.)</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[9]" name="[9]">[9]</a> Counsel who receives interrogatory answers appearing to present a complete defense might act reasonably by going forward with the defendant’s deposition in light of the possibility that the defense will, on testimonial examination, prove less than solid. The reasonableness of counsel’s persistence is, of course, a question of law to be decided on a case-by-case basis, and we have no occasion here to formulatemore detailed rules.</p>
<p><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2572946492289463686&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=6&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr#r[10]" name="[10]">[10]</a> Defendants argued below that under <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6635549209557344331&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Roberts v. Sentry Life Insurance</i> (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 375, 90 Cal.Rptr.2d 408,</a> an opinion we cited with approval in <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9853066363997777405&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1"><i>Wilson, supra,</i> 28 Cal.4th 811, 123 Cal.Rptr.2d 19, 50 P.3d 733,</a> the trial court’s order had to be affirmed because Zamos lost their motion for summary judgment in the fraud lawsuit. The <i>Roberts</i> court held that a favorable ruling on a motion for summary judgment in the underlying action conclusively establishes probable cause unless that ruling was procured by “materially false facts.” (<i>Roberts,</i> at p. 384, <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6635549209557344331&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2006&amp;as_vis=1">90 Cal.Rptr.2d 408</a>.) The Court of Appeal rejected defendants’ argument on the ground that “Zamos presented evidence in opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion that, if believed by the trier of fact, demonstrates that the denial of Zamos’s summary judgment motion was procured by materially false facts. As discussed above, the trial court in the fraud lawsuit denied Zamos’s motion for summary judgment `reluctantly,’ because Brookes’ declaration that Zamos made the representations at issue raised a triable issue of fact. In opposition to the anti-SLAPP motion in the instant case, Zamos presented the declaration of Jerome Zamos, in which Mr. Zamos states that he did not make the representations Brookes asserted he made. If the trier of fact in the instant case believes Mr. Zamos’s declaration that he did not make those representations, then the denial of Zamos’s summary judgment motion was procured by materially false facts, and the rule set forth in <i>Roberts</i> does not apply.”</p>
</div>
<h3>Download a <span style="color: #0000ff;">Great Pamphlet</span> on <span style="color: #ff0000;">this Case</span> <span style="color: #339966;">Zamos v. Stroud</span> <em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/10.article.emt_.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></em></h3>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>cited <a href="https://californiaslapplaw.com/library-of-cases/zamo-v-stroud-attorney-liable-for-bad-faith-action/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://californiaslapplaw.com/library-of-cases/zamo-v-stroud-attorney-liable-for-bad-faith-action/</a></p>
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		<title>Fighting Discovery Abuse in Litigation &#8211; Forensic &#038; Investigative Accounting</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2022 03:08:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[14th Amendment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[4th Amendment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Criminal Appeal]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[&#160; Discovery Abuse Our blog for this week discusses discovery abuse. “Discovery” is the stage in a lawsuit where parties to a case have a right to obtain evidence from opposing parties and third parties which supports their claims and defenses. “Discovery abuse” occurs when the discovery process is wrongfully undermined. For example, in a [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<h1 class="title h2">Discovery Abuse</h1>
<p>Our blog for this week discusses discovery abuse. “Discovery” is the stage in a lawsuit where parties to a case have a right to obtain evidence from opposing parties and third parties which supports their claims and defenses. “Discovery abuse” occurs when the discovery process is wrongfully undermined. For example, in a case involving an injury sustained during a car accident, the plaintiff (the party bringing the lawsuit) may seek to obtain dash-cam footage from the defendant’s car which shows that the defendant ran a red light before crashing into and injuring the plaintiff. Setting aside any fifth amendment self-incrimination issues, if the lawyer for the defendant’s insurance company in that case refused to allow the plaintiff’s attorney to access the video footage, the defendant’s attorney might be said to have committed discovery abuse.</p>
<p>In our earlier blog article, “How To Compel Discovery In North Dakota,” we discussed what can be done to address and correct discovery abuses when they happen in litigation. You can read about that <a href="https://www.swlattorneys.com/compel-discovery-north-dakota/">here</a>. In this blog post, we discuss the significance of discovery abuse and go over some ways in which it can manifest itself.</p>
<h3 id="h-the-significance-of-discovery-abuse">The Significance Of Discovery Abuse<img decoding="async" class=" wp-image-7572 alignright" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Discovery-Abuse.webp" alt="" width="730" height="457" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Discovery-Abuse.webp 500w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Discovery-Abuse-300x188.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px" /></h3>
<p>The topic of discovery abuse is significant both as it may relate to a particular lawsuit in question and also with respect to the implications it can have on justice at large. Our system of justice in the United States is described as an “adversarial legal system.” Adversarial legal systems are features of common law countries and are characterized by self-driven advocacy before a neutral and largely passive judge and jury. Unlike in civil law systems, where the judge may interview witnesses and serve as an “inquisitor,” in adversarial legal systems, the judge plays a minimal role in obtaining the evidence and facts of the case. This is how it usually works, despite what we may have seen on TV.</p>
<p>Because the judge plays a neutral role in the common law system, the burden of finding the truth largely rests with the parties’ attorneys in the case. Pursuant to North Dakota Rule of Civil Procedure <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">26(b)(1)(A)</a>, parties may obtain discovery from an adverse party regarding any nonprivileged (not otherwise protected by law) matter that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense. At the same time, attorneys must be zealous advocates for their clients, fully devoted to advancing their clients’ interests. See N.D.R. Prof. Conduct <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrprofconduct/1-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1.3 cmt. 1</a> (“A lawyer should pursue a matter on behalf of a client despite opposition, obstruction or personal inconvenience to the lawyer, and take whatever lawful and ethical measures are required to vindicate a client’s cause or endeavor. A lawyer must also act with commitment and dedication to the interests of the client and with zeal in advocacy upon the client’s behalf.”).</p>
<p>So what happens when the truth is damaging to one of the parties; what happens, for example, when the dash-cam video shows that the light was red? This is where discovery abuse comes into play. Make no mistake: litigation is a fight, but it is not a game. As noted by the Court in <a href="https://casetext.com/case/haeger-v-goodyear-tire-rubber-co-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Haeger v. Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Co.</a>, 906 F. Supp. 2d 938, 941 (D. Ariz. 2012), “[l]itigation is not a game. It is the time-honored method of seeking the truth, finding the truth, and doing justice.” Discovery abuse might be likened to a situation where one party refuses to fight fairly. And where discovery is abused, justice is thwarted.</p>
<h3>Some Typical Forms Of Discovery Abuse And Rule Violations</h3>
<p>Discovery abuse oftentimes arises during written discovery. Written discovery refers to discovery that is achieved by way of written prompts served on an adverse party to a lawsuit. The most common forms of written discovery are interrogatories, requests for production, and requests for admission.</p>
<p>Interrogatories are written questions sent by one party to an adverse party and are governed by North Dakota Rule of Civil Procedure <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">33</a>. Requests for production are written requests by a party to an adverse party asking that documents or electronically stored information be produced. They are governed by North Dakota Rule of Civil Procedure <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/34" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">34</a>. Requests for admission are governed by North Dakota Rule of Civil Procedure <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/36" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">36</a> and are requests by one party to an adverse party that a factual statement be admitted as true.</p>
<p>In written discovery, discovery abuse can oftentimes manifest itself through boilerplate objections, as well as evasive, incomplete responses to interrogatories and requests for production.</p>
<h3>Boilerplate Objections</h3>
<p>Vague, repeated objections to discovery requests on the basis of “form and foundation” or on grounds that a request is “overly broad, vague, and unduly burdensome” are referred to as “boilerplate objections” and are improper under the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure. Grounds for objecting to interrogatories and requests for production must be stated with specificity and should not merely regurgitate stock phrases from the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure. For example, <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rule 33(b)(4)</a> of the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure requires that “the grounds for objecting to an interrogatory must be stated with specificity,” and <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/34" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rule 34(b)(2)(B)</a> provides that “for each item or category, the response must . . . state with specificity the grounds for objecting to the request.”</p>
<p>Courts have repeatedly held that boilerplate objections are improper and have stricken them accordingly. Just a few examples of Courts treating boilerplate objections with disdain include: <a href="https://casetext.com/case/kooima-v-zacklift-international-inc-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kooima v. Zacklift Intern., Inc.</a>, 209 F.R.D. 444, 446, 53 Fed. R. Serv. 3d 1315 (D.S.D. 2002) (noting that “boilerplate objections are unacceptable”); <a href="https://casetext.com/case/frontier-kemper-constructors" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontier-Kemper Constructors, Inc. v. Elk Run Coal Co., Inc.</a>, 246 F.R.D. 522, 528 (S.D.W.Va.2007) (commenting that “there is abundant caselaw to the effect that boilerplate objections to Rule 34 document requests are inappropriate.”); and <a href="https://casetext.com/case/librado-v-ms-carriers-inc-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perez Librado v. M.S. Carriers, Inc.</a>, 2003 WL 21075918 (N.D. Tex. 2003) (concluding that “a mere statement by a party that an interrogatory is overly broad, burdensome, oppressive and irrelevant is not adequate to voice a successful objection. Broad-based, non-specific objections are almost impossible to assess on their merits, and fall woefully short of the burden that must be borne by a party making an objection to an interrogatory or document request.”).</p>
<p>In one case, <a href="https://casetext.com/case/st-paul-reinsurance-company-v-commercial-financial-corp-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">St. Paul Reinsurance Co., Ltd. v. Commercial Fin. Corp.</a>, 198 F.R.D. 508 (N.D. Iowa 2000), the Court crafted a special sanction for Counsel due to the boilerplate objections asserted in discovery, requiring that the lawyer write an article explaining why the objections were improper and submit it to the New York and Iowa Bar Journals. Other Courts have not been so kind, awarding severe monetary sanctions. <a href="https://casetext.com/case/haeger-v-goodyear-tire-rubber-co-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Haeger</a>, 906 F. Supp. 2d at 982. North Dakota Courts have a significant amount of discretion when choosing to award discovery sanctions. <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/365NW2d499" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Benedict v. St. Luke’s Hosps.</a>, 365 N.W.2d 499, 504 (N.D. 1985).</p>
<p>Continuing with our previous example, let’s assume that the civil defendant is in possession of the dash-cam video footage of the accident and the plaintiff propounds the following interrogatory, receiving the following objection in response:</p>
<p><strong>Interrogatory Number 1:</strong></p>
<p>Please state whether you had any dash-cam or other video recording device in your vehicle at the time of the crash which captured footage of the accident.</p>
<p><strong>Objection:</strong></p>
<p>Objection to form and foundation. This request is overly broad, vague, unduly burdensome, and seeks information not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. This request also seeks information protected by attorney-client privilege, and attorney work product.</p>
<p>Here, we can see that the plaintiff is seeking to obtain discovery regarding factual matter that is relevant to his negligence claim. To succeed in his negligence claim, the plaintiff must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant caused him harm by breaching a legal duty the defendant owed the plaintiff. If the defendant has video footage of the accident which helps the plaintiff show that the defendant breached his duty of care, the defendant must state as much in response to plaintiff’s request. As a result, in the first instance, the plaintiff’s discovery request is proper under North Rule Dakota Rule of Civil Procedure <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">26(b)(1)(A)</a>.</p>
<p>Second, we can see that the defendant has offered the plaintiff a boilerplate, obstructionist objection in response to the plaintiff’s legitimate request—on the basis of form, foundation, breadth, relevance, privilege, and work product. Contrary to Rule <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">33(b)(4)</a>, the defendant’s objection has not been stated with specificity. How is the discovery request overly broad? How would it be unduly burdensome for the defendant to state whether it possesses this video footage? The defendant has not provided any such information. Indeed, the plaintiff’s attorney is asking for nothing more than a simple statement.</p>
<p>With respect to the objection based on privilege and attorney work product, the defendant’s objection again falls short of what is required by the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure. Under Rule <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">26(b)(5)(A)</a>, as in this example, when a defendant withholds information that is otherwise discoverable by claiming that it is privileged or protected as attorney work product, the defendant must provide a description of the nature of the information in a manner that will allow the plaintiff to assess the claim. The North Dakota Supreme Court, in <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/supreme-court/opinion/2022ND65" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">St. Alexius Med. Ctr. v. Nesvig</a>, 2022 ND 65, ¶ 17, reiterated that “[t]he party claiming the privilege and desiring to exclude the evidence has the burden to prove the communications fall within the terms of the statute or rule granting the privilege.” Again, the defendant has provided nothing. This exemplifies a form of discovery abuse, even if it may be relatively common.</p>
<h3>Evasive, Incomplete Responses</h3>
<p>As with boilerplate objections, evasive, incomplete responses to discovery requests are improper under the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure, and can be forms of discovery abuse. In <a href="https://casetext.com/case/vorachek-v-citizens-state-bank-of-lankin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voracheck v. Citizens State Bank of Lankin</a>, 421 N.W.2d 45, 51 (N.D. 1988), the North Dakota Supreme Court noted that, with respect to discovery, even substantial compliance is not enough. Instead, complete and accurate compliance is required:</p>
<p class="has-text-align-left"><em>A party is not at liberty to “pick and choose” what information will be provided and what information will be withheld. Selective, substantial compliance is not enough; complete, accurate, and timely compliance is required by the rules. If a party were allowed to withhold certain information because it had provided some of the requested information, the discovery process would be rendered useless.</em></p>
<p>Rule <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/37" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">37(a)(4)</a> of the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure provide that “an evasive or incomplete answer or response must be treated as a failure to answer or respond.” Similarly, under <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rule 26(e)(1)</a>, where a party has become aware that a discovery response is incomplete or incorrect, that party must supplement or correct it.</p>
<p>Continuing with our previous example, let’s assume that the civil defendant decides, instead of fully answering the interrogatory, to merely state either that “this answer may be supplemented” or that “discovery is continuing.” These are, once again, relatively common discovery responses in litigation, but nonetheless can serve as forms of discovery abuse. North Dakota Rule of Civil Procedure <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrcivp/33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">33(b)(3)</a> requires that each interrogatory, to the extent that it is not objected to, be answered fully and in writing. Answering only that “discovery is continuing” or “this answer may be supplemented” are failures to respond to discovery. See also <a href="https://casetext.com/case/carolina-cas-ins-co-v-oahu-air-conditioning-serv" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carolina Cas. Ins. Co. v. Oahu Air Conditioning Serv., Inc.</a>, No. 2:13-CV-01378-WBS-AC, 2014 WL 4661979, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 17, 2014) (finding the response “discovery is continuing” insufficient and granting motion to compel); <a href="https://casetext.com/case/azer-v-the-courthouse-racquetball-corp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Azer v. Courthouse Racquetball Corp.</a>, 852 P.2d 75, 84 (Haw. Ct. App. 1993) (concluding that the response “discovery is continuing” was a failure to answer under Rule 37(a)(3)); K.R.S. v. Bedford Cmty. Sch. Dist., No. 4:13-CV-00147-HCA, 2014 WL 11513167, at *4 (S.D. Iowa Dec. 15, 2014) (“this response may be supplemented,” is improper, vague, boilerplate language that must be supplemented).</p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Discovery abuse is serious and thwarts the truth-finding process required for our common law legal system to produce just outcomes. The duty to make diligent efforts to respond completely to the substance of discovery does not stop with the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure. <a href="https://www.ndcourts.gov/legal-resources/rules/ndrprofconduct/3-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rule 3.4</a> of the North Dakota Rules of Professional Conduct states, in subsection a, that “[a] lawyer shall not . . . unlawfully obstruct another party’s access to evidence,” and in subsection d provides that “[a] lawyer shall not . . . fail to make reasonably diligent efforts to comply with a legally proper discovery request by an opposing party.” As officers of the Court, lawyers have a duty to help ensure the integrity of the legal system, and that duty becomes especially evident in discovery.</p>
<p>In this blog article, we’ve discussed why discovery abuse is important, and gone over some examples of how it can manifest itself. The information contained in this article and on this website is for informational purposes only and not for the purpose of providing legal advice. Each case is different, and this article is meant only to provide a brief summary of the law. You should contact an attorney to obtain advice with respect to your particular case.</p>
<p>cited <a href="https://www.swlattorneys.com/discovery-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.swlattorneys.com/discovery-abuse/</a></p>
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<h2>Discovery Abuse – What To Do When Defendants Withhold Applicable Insurance Policies</h2>
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<p>A lawsuit begins once a plaintiff initiates a civil action against one or more defendants.  As soon as the defendant answers, both parties begin to exchange written discovery requests to solicit specific information from the opposing party that is relevant to the litigation.  The information sought can be in the form of documents or other tangible items such as video or audio recordings, bank statements, tax documents, letters, emails, etc.  Additionally, the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure allow parties to solicit admissions, interrogatories, and other information through depositions. Each of these methods seeks to develop the factual circumstances surrounding the lawsuit to ensure that the parties attorneys are informed. This helps prepare a game plan for the attorneys to present their version of what actually happened to their clients.</p>
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<h2><strong>Withholding Information on Documents from Discovery Requests</strong></h2>
<p>The obvious question then becomes: what happens if the opposing party withholds discoverable information—such as an insurance policy?</p>
<p>The existence of an insurance policy can be key information in determining the defendant’s ability to pay a judgment or settlement based on the merits of the case.  Namely, an insurer has a duty to defend claims against one of their insured and the existence of a liability insurance policy may be the difference between the injured party being able to recover damages or not.</p>
<p>When one of the parties does not cooperate with discovery requests or fails to answer the requests thoroughly, the opposing party has a few avenues for redress.  The first is to “meet and confer.” This method is an informal attempt to resolve discovery disputes before the parties involve the court.  The purpose is to save the parties time and money and increase the judicial economy by encouraging a resolution of disputes without the need for court intervention.  If this is unsuccessful because one party contends certain information is not discoverable, the complaining party may then file a motion to compel discovery with the court.</p>
<h2><strong>What is a Motion to Compel?</strong></h2>
<p>A motion to compel operates as a formal request for the court to require the non-producing party to comply with the discovery requests. This is done by requiring that the offending party must produce whatever information they have withheld.  The party filing this motion must prove that they have requested discoverable and relevant information that was withheld.  The court, after hearing evidence of one party’s attempts to get discoverable information and the other party’s refusal or neglect to provide, will determine whether the non-producing party is abusing the discovery process and may compel that party to produce discoverable information—such as an applicable insurance policy.  A determination that the withholding of information is proper ends the conflict; however, a determination that the withheld information was discoverable results in a granted motion to compel, and nonadherence to this ruling results in court-imposed sanctions against the nonadherent party.</p>
<h2><strong>Court Sanctions</strong></h2>
<p>Determining that the non-producing party has abused discovery can lead to sanctions by the court that takes various forms.  One method of sanctioning the non-producing party is to award the party seeking discoverable information reasonable attorney’s fees to compensate them for the time they spent preparing pleadings and spending time compelling the information.  Other sanctions include disallowing further discovery of a particular kind by the disobedient party, an order refusing the disobedient party from supporting or opposing designated claims or defenses, or an order staying the proceedings until the order is obeyed.  These sanctions handicap the disobedient party’s ability to conduct cost-effective cases and place them in a position where they are unable to conclude a case for their client until they comply.</p>
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<p>In the end, the legal community is tight-knit.  Withholding pertinent information from opposing counsel will not get anyone very far, and the risks far outweigh the reward.  In that a liability insurance policy is withheld, there are safeguards in place to ensure that counsel acting in bad faith through withholding such information is held accountable and forced to comply—or face sanctions by the court. cited <a href="https://wattsguerra.com/discovery-abuse-what-to-do-when-defendants-withhold-applicable-insurance-policies/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://wattsguerra.com/discovery-abuse-what-to-do-when-defendants-withhold-applicable-insurance-policies/</a></p>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">National District Attorneys Association puts out its standards<br />
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/national-district-attorneys-association-national-prosecution-standards-ndda/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Prosecution Standards</a></span> &#8211; NDD can be <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/national-district-attorneys-association-national-prosecution-standards-ndda/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">found here</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">The <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/The-Ethical-Obligations-of-Prosecutors-in-Cases-Involving-Postcon.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ethical Obligations of Prosecutors</a></span> in Cases Involving <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/The-Ethical-Obligations-of-Prosecutors-in-Cases-Involving-Postcon.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Postconviction Claims of Innocence</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Prosecutor&#8217;s Duty Duty </span>to<span style="color: #ff0000;"> Disclose Exculpatory Evidence</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Prosecutors-Duty-to-Disclose-Exculpatory-Evidence.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fordham Law Review PDF</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Chapter 14 <span style="color: #ff0000;">Disclosure of Exculpatory</span> and <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Brady-Chapter14-2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Impeachment Information PDF</a></span></h3>
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<h1 style="text-align: center;">Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</h1>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">Fighting Discovery Abuse in Litigation</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">William Hopwood</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">Carl Pacini</div>
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<p>Forensic accountants can serve a number of important roles in a legal dispute. In these roles, forensic accountants often provide:<br />
1) discovery assistance (e.g., knowing what specific information to request and identifying the appropriate individuals to depose or interview);<br />
2) development of a detailed, straightforward analysis and report that communicates appropriate findings and conclusions; and<br />
3) the delivery of effective testimony whether it be in deposition, arbitration, trial or other dispute resolution forums. Since discovery accounts for the majority of the cost of civil litigation (as much as 90 percent in complex cases), 1 the role that forensic accountants play in the discovery process is particularly significant.</p>
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<p>Discovery is the formal process that litigants use to obtain information from opposing parties (Sinclair, 2008; Crumbley et.al., 2013). The discovery process, in theory, enables the parties to know before trial begins what evidence may be presented. This process minimizes surprises, lowers the transaction costs of dispute resolution, increases the percentage of settled cases, improves the accuracy of trials and filters out frivolous disputes (Kim and Ryu, 2002).</p>
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<h6>*The authors are, respectively, Professor of Accounting at Florida Atlantic University, Associate Professor of Accounting at the University of South Florida-St. Petersburg, and Associate Professor of Accounting at Florida Atlantic University.<br />
1Memorandum from Paul Niemeyer, Chair, Advisory Comm. on Civil Rules to Hon. Anthony J. Scirica, Chair, Comm. on Rules of Practice and Procedure (May 11, 1999), 192 F.R.D. 340, 357 (2000).</h6>
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<div>How the course of discovery proceeds, in practice, is a decision made by the parties to the lawsuit.2</div>
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<div>Over the years, discovery has been transformed from a tool to gather facts into a tactical weapon. For many attorneys, discovery evolved into the ultimate adversarial proceeding referred and 2) “stonewalling” or opposing otherwise proper discovery requests for the purpose of frustrating the other party (Hare et al., 1995). As a result, abusive tactics increase the costs of litigation, contribute to the general dissatisfaction with the justice system, engender the criticism that judicial resources are misused and encourage unjust settlements (Flegal, 1982; Rennie, 2011).</div>
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<p>Abusive tactics are fostered by the justice system itself. First, attorneys know that lawyers are given multiple opportunities to comply with discovery requests before judicial enforcement of discovery obligations is imposed by the court (Lee and Willging, 2010; Mehr, 2012). Second, the generally accepted law firm economic model provides an incentive to increase the costs of discovery as lawyers may use it as a way to increase the number of hours they bill to clients (Lee and Willging, 2010; Mehr, 2012). Since our legal system simply cannot remove discovery from the process, forensic accountants, lawyers, and judges must use tools at their disposal to enforce compliance with the rules, consistent with the spirit of discovery.</p>
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<h6>2See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f) (describing the mandatory conference opposing parties must have to decide the time table of discovery as well as the general issues that will be pursued).</h6>
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<p>The purpose of this article is to show how litigation support tools can be combined with standard discovery techniques to obtain critical evidence from an opposing party bent on discovery abuse. An enhanced understanding of these issues will place forensic accountants in a better position to assist attorneys in litigation. Moreover, the use of various litigation support tools will improve attorneys’ chances of securing valuable evidence that they otherwise would</p>
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<p>We first discuss discovery devices and various methods that have been used to abuse the discovery process. We then offer a collaborative or team approach and provide tactics to fight discovery abuse.</p>
</div>
<div>What is Discovery?</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>The process of discovery begins with an initial meeting of the parties to the lawsuit (hereinafter referred to as “parties”) during which they are required to make or arrange for mandatory disclosures and develop a proposed discovery plan. The timing for discovery should be established. The judge uses the plan to implement the timeline so that discovery is completed by the agreed-upon date. 3 After the initial meeting, mandatory initial disclosures occur and must</p>
</div>
<div>be made “based upon the information then reasonably available ….” 4 A litigant is not excused from making disclosures “because it has not yet fully investigated the case or because it challenges the sufficiency of another party’s disclosures or because another party has not made its disclosures.”5</div>
</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<h6>3 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f).<br />
4 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(E).<br />
5 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(E).</h6>
</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div>
<hr />
</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow a litigant to pursue information from the other party by, for example, depositions, interrogatories, document production requests, requests for physical or mental examination, and requests for admission. Litigants must even provide their opponents with information that may not be admissible at trial if the information could reasonably lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. 6</p>
</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Depositions require the opposing party or third-party witness to be placed under oath before trial and answer questions posed by attorneys from both sides of the case. Anyone who may have knowledge or expertise pertinent to the case may be deposed, including expert witnesses such as forensic accountants. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow each party up to ten depositions. No limit exists on the number of questions that may be asked, but there is</p>
</div>
<div>a time limit of seven hours (per day). The three main reasons to take depositions are: 1) to lock witnesses into their testimony; 2) to become aware of information possessed by the other side; and 3) to ascertain how a witness will appear and conduct himself or herself before a judge or jury.</div>
<div>Interrogatories are a set of written questions directed to the other party to the lawsuit. The other party must submit written answers. Interrogatories may only be directed to a party in the case. Questions can either be broad (“What happened on April 19, 2013?”) or very specific (“Is it your stance that the defendant did not prepare his own tax return?”) Each party is permitted to serve 25 interrogatories upon another party but must secure leave of court, i.e.,</div>
<div></div>
<h6>6 Some information is protected from discovery. Reasons why information may be undiscoverable include some legal privilege (e.g., attorney-client privilege)(Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1)), the work product rule (trial preparation materials)(Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)), non-testifying experts (Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)(D)), and court-imposed limits for good cause (Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2) and 26(c)). permission by the court, or consent of the other party to serve a larger number.7 Sometimes responses to interrogatories are verified by inclusion in an affidavit.</h6>
<div>
<div>
<hr />
</div>
<p>The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that when interrogatories seek disclosure of information in corporate records, the party upon whom the request is served can designate the records that contain the answers. Objections to questions in interrogatories can be raised, and a party need not answer until a court determines their validity.</p>
</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A request for the production of documents is a request made to a party in a lawsuit to turn over copies of any evidence in the form of paper documents, electronically stored information (ESI), or other items. A request for the production of documents usually contains separately- numbered requests. The request specifies a certain class or type of document, but often is broadly worded to cover as many documents as possible. Examples include copies of bank statements, insurance policies, or other financial or business documents related to the case. A request “must describe with reasonable particularity each item … to be inspected.” 8</p>
</div>
<div></div>
<div>The request also must “specify a reasonable time, place, and manner for the inspection.” 9 Requests for the production of documents are governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A request for admissions is a list of questions, each of which is stated as a declaration which the responding party must admit, deny, or state the reason he or she cannot admit or deny. Instead of responding to each question, a responding party also may object to the request for admission itself. Requests are limited to facts, the application of law to facts, opinions about either the facts or the application of law to the facts, and the genuineness of any described</p>
</div>
<div></div>
<h6>7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 33. 8 Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(1)(A). 9 Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(1)(B).</h6>
<div>
<hr />
</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>documents.</div>
<div>10 No limit exists on the number of requests for admission except for limits contained in local court rules.</div>
<div>Discovery Abuse</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>One persistent criticism of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is that discovery provisions do not quell the abusive discovery practices of litigants. Discovery abuse or predatory discovery</p>
</div>
<div>11 can take various forms. The first is excessive discovery such as the use by the requesting party of an avalanche of interrogatories, deposition notices, and document requests. The responding party may try to bury opponents with thousands of pages of documents.</div>
<div>12 These practices are to harass, cause delay, or wear down the adversary by forcing it to incur costs (Rennie, 2011). The second category is stonewalling or opposing proper discovery requests to frustrate the other party. A significant number of litigants refuse to comply with discovery requests or court orders or only partially comply with discovery requests or court orders.</div>
<div>13 A third type of predatory discovery is obnoxious behavior by attorneys. We discuss the various categories of discovery abuse in the context of interrogatories, depositions, and document requests.</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<h6>10 Fed. R. Civ. P. 36(a)(1).<br />
11 This term originates from Marrese v. Amer. Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 726 F. 2d 1150, 1162 (7th Cir. 1984). Predatory discovery is “sought not to gather evidence that will help the party seeking discovery to prevail on the merits of his case but to coerce his opposition to settle regardless of the merits ….”.<br />
12Defendants can exploit the broad relevance standard under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b) by inundating plaintiffs with information. This exploitation is particularly likely to be acute in situations in which plaintiffs need discovery the most because they do not know enough about the defendant’s internal workings or documents to draft narrower requests. Many plaintiffs may simply buckle under the sheer volume of information and the costs of sifting through it (Glover, 2012).<br />
13 Some of the more egregious federal cases in which a party failed to comply with a court order compelling discovery include: Wanderer v. Johnston, 910 F. 2d 652 (9 th Cir. 1990) (defendants refused to produce documents even though nine court orders had been issued to do so-the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed entry of a default judgment of $25 million in plaintiffs’ favor) and John B. Hull, Inc. v. Waterbury Petroleum Prod., 845 F. 2d<br />
1172, 1177 (2d Cir. 1988) (upholding sanction of dismissal of third-party plaintiff’s complaint and award of attorney’s fees and costs where the third party disregarded court orders). Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</h6>
<div>
<hr />
</div>
<div></div>
<div>Interrogatories</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Interrogatories represent a comparatively inexpensive and efficient means of obtaining</p>
</div>
<div>information. Interrogatory practice requires litigants to conduct research and investigate specific</div>
<div>matters; as such, interrogatories can yield more thorough and relevant information. Despite</div>
<div>these advantages, predatory discovery through interrogatories may undermine proper litigation</div>
<div>practice.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Interrogatories are the most abused discovery device. Attorneys ask questions drawn</p>
</div>
<div>from a stock reserve and those questions return only objections, vague answers, and little</div>
<div>information (Luria and Clubby, 2005). The problem with interrogatories is that lawyers believe,</div>
<div>and the system reinforces, that the exchange and answer of interrogatories is a game (Luria and</div>
<div>Clubby, 2005).</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Some attorneys have exploited judicial conflict concerning Rule 33(a) which states that</p>
</div>
<div>“any party may serve upon any other party written interrogatories, not exceeding 25 in number</div>
<div>….” Some courts and legal commentators have interpreted Rule 33(a) to apply to each and every</div>
<div>party of a civil action.</div>
<div>14</div>
<div>Hence, if A, B, and C filed a civil action against D and E, then A, B, and</div>
<div>C can each serve D and E with 25 interrogatories (for a total of 150 interrogatories) (Yoo, 2008).</div>
<div>The same arrangement would apply to any interrogatories filed by D and E upon A, B, and C</div>
<div>(Yoo, 2008). Also, this broad interpretation enables parties on the same side of a dispute to file</div>
<div>interrogatories upon one another (Yoo, 2008). Rule 33(a) defines “party” as any named actor in</div>
<div>a civil action. According to Yoo (2008), the broad interpretation accorded to the word “any” has</div>
<div>led to gross inefficiencies and has encouraged abuse.</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<h6>14 St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co. v. Birch, Stewart, Kolasch &amp; Birch, LLP, 217 F.R.D. 288 (D. Mass. 2003); James Moore. 7 Moore’s Federal Practice §33.30[1]. Mathew Bender, 3rd ed., 1997 and Supp. 2004.</h6>
<div>
<hr />
</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>An alternate interpretation of Rule 33(a) is that the word “party” may refer to an entire side of a dispute collectively rather than to the individual actors that are members of each side. 15</p>
</div>
<div></div>
<div>In the example above, plaintiffs A, B, and C would be able collectively to file no more than 25 interrogatories upon D and E and vice-versa (Yoo, 2008).</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>The choice of interpretation of Rule 33(a) has implications for predatory discovery. The broad construction permits parties to file larger numbers of interrogatories and often more than is required for adequate discovery. This practice is particularly true for “big ticket cases where the stakes motivate parties to litigate by hook or crook” (Yoo, 2008). Interrogatory abuse also can affect smaller cases where well-heeled parties can protract discovery beyond the means of less wealthy parties (Yoo, 2008).</p>
</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A second technique employed by litigants is the outright refusal to answer interrogatories (or take excessive time to answer). This conduct can buy a defendant a substantial amount of time and wear down the plaintiff as the latter seeks court sanctions. In National Hockey League v. Metropolitan Hockey Club, Inc.,16 the plaintiffs failed to answer various interrogatories submitted by the defendants, continually flouting the trial court’s discovery orders and timelines.</p>
</div>
<div>The federal district court dismissed the case with prejudice (i.e., with finality). On appeal, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the dismissal. An example in which the plaintiffs’ case was</div>
<div></div>
<h6>15 Zito v. Leasecomm Corp., 233 F.R.D. 395, 399 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (a civil RICO case brought by more than 200 individual plaintiffs as the result of an alleged fraudulent e-commerce leasing scheme); Charles Wright, ArthurMiller and Richard Marcus. 8A Federal Practice and Procedure §2168.1,West 2d ed. 1994 and Supp. 2007.<br />
16 427 U.S. 639 (1976).</h6>
<div>
<hr />
</div>
<div></div>
<div>dismissed for taking too long to answer interrogatories is Govas and Yiannias v. Chalmers and Electronic, Missiles &amp; Communications, Inc.17</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div>A third abuse occurs when counsel chooses to craft uninformative or inadequate responses to obscure important information. In other cases, a lawyer will intentionally fail to respond properly, objecting as often as possible. Appendix A contains a list of improper and proper objections. Some objections may be based on attorney-client privilege or the work product rule. Moreover, the attorney may not identify the facts, events, or documents to which</div>
</div>
<div>the privilege attaches and does not provide evidence to support the privilege claim.</div>
<div></div>
<div>A fourth abuse is that the responding party makes no effort to answer the interrogatory questions as asked. A responding party answers a question that was not asked and then claims it has provided a responsive answer. This abusive technique is quite time-consuming and determining whether the response provided was meant to be evasive can be difficult for counsel. The court also may have a hard time in determining whether a response is evasive, especially</div>
<div>cases that are industry specific or involve some type of product or service liability.</div>
<div></div>
<div>A fifth abuse centers on the fact that some consider interrogatories well-suited for discovering information about technical or statistical data (Rennie, 2011). Technical and statistical interrogatories require opposing counsel to ask the client to prepare the answer, as it is probable that the lawyer will not possess the necessary information (Luria and Clubby, 2005). A responding party may evade the interrogatory by using Rule 33(d), which allows it to avoid</div>
<div>answering when the answer may be derived from reviewing business records. The requesting</div>
<div></div>
<h6>17 965 F. 2d 298 (7 th Cir. 1992). In that case, the plaintiffs, Govas and Yiannias, filed a suit alleging federal securities law fraud, common law fraud, and RICO violations. After the plaintiffs refused to answer interrogatoriesfor almost two years, defendants moved to have the case dismissed. The federal district court and appellate court upheld dismissal.</h6>
<h6></h6>
<div>
<hr />
</div>
<div></div>
<div>party would then have to make a motion to compel a response to the interrogatory.</div>
<div>18</div>
<div>If the</div>
<div>burden of summarizing the records is the same for both parties, the requesting party will lose the</div>
<div>motion.</div>
<div>Depositions</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Depositions are an effective discovery device that is used to collect information that has</p>
</div>
<div>not been screened by the opposing attorney. Witness deposition testimony can highlight</div>
<div>weaknesses in an opponent’s case, establish a basis to impeach a witness’ trial testimony,</div>
<div>preserve a witness’ knowledge in the event of unavailability at trial, and permit evaluation of a</div>
<div>deponent as a witness. Depositions have, however, been used as a predatory discovery practice.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>One type of discovery abuse is vulgar and abusive language and physical threats. In</p>
</div>
<div>Saldana v. Kmart Corp.,</div>
<div>19</div>
<div>the plaintiff’s attorney, Lee Rohn, used the word “f*ck” numerous</div>
<div>times, including during depositions. In one deposition, Rohn told opposing counsel, “I will put</div>
<div>my remarks on the record as I’m entitled. I do not need to be lectured by you sir. Don’t f*ck</div>
<div>with me.” Sanctions were imposed by the district court, but they were overturned by a federal</div>
<div>appellate court. In Carroll v. The Jaques Admiralty Law Firm,</div>
<div>20</div>
<div>the Fifth Circuit upheld</div>
<div>sanctions against attorney Jaques for profane language and threats made to opposing counsel</div>
<div>during a videotaped deposition. Sanctions also may be imposed against a lawyer who does not</div>
<div>act to prevent a deponent from using abusive language. In GMAC Bank v. HTFC Corp.,</div>
<div>21</div>
<div>a</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>18</div>
<div>In Derson Group, Ltd. v. Right Management Consultants, Inc., 119 F.R.D. 396 (N.D. Ill. 1988), plaintiff Derson</div>
<div>Group did not answer two sets of interrogatories but instead made reference to 33,000 documents previously</div>
<div>produced in reliance on Rule 33(d). Since Derson Group delayed and provided no clue as to where to find requested</div>
<div>information, a federal district court granted a motion to compel answers to interrogatories.</div>
<div>19</div>
<div>84 F. Supp. 2d 629 (D.V.I. 1999), rev’d. in part, 260 F. 3d 228 (3</div>
<div>rd</div>
<div>Cir. 2001).</div>
<div>20</div>
<div>110 F. 3d 290 (5</div>
<div>th</div>
<div>Cir. 1997).</div>
<div>21</div>
<div>248 F.R.D. 182 (E.D. Pa. 1993).</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>62</div>
<div></div>
<div>breach of contract case, the owner of HTFC said the word “f*ck” and variants thereof</div>
<div>approximately 73 times during a two-day deposition.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Physical threats are sometimes employed to intimidate a deponent and opposing counsel.</p>
</div>
<div>In Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Levin,</div>
<div>22</div>
<div>an attorney was suspended indefinitely from the</div>
<div>practice of law for making physical threats during a deposition. Counsel threatened to take a</div>
<div>questioner’s mustache off his face, give the questioner the beating of his life, and slap him across</div>
<div>the face and break his head.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A second category of predatory deposition abuse involves instructions not to answer</p>
</div>
<div>and/or improper objections. Rule 30(c)(2) states that one “may instruct a deponent not to answer</div>
<div>only when necessary to preserve a privilege, to enforce a limitation ordered by the court, or to</div>
<div>present a motion” to terminate or limit. In Morales v. Zondo, Inc.,</div>
<div>23</div>
<div>a gender discrimination</div>
<div>case, counsel for employer Zondo instructed the defendant not to answer several questions</div>
<div>during a deposition. Sanctions were imposed against defendant’s counsel for this and other</div>
<div>misconduct. One federal court has ruled that instructions not to answer and which do not</div>
<div>conform to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, are “presumptively improper.”</div>
<div>24</div>
<div>A difficult</div>
<div>lawyer also may repeatedly make objections during a deposition. Appendix A outlines proper</div>
<div>and improper objections during a deposition. Objections should be limited to the form of a</div>
<div>question or the deponent’s nonresponsiveness. Objections to competency, relevancy, or</div>
<div>materiality are not waived and are preserved for trial (Alford et al., 2010). An objection to an</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>22</div>
<div>517 N.E. 2d 892 (Ohio 1998).</div>
<div>23</div>
<div>204 F.R.D. 50 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).</div>
<div>24</div>
<div>Boyd v. Univ. Md. Med. Sys., 173 F.R.D. 143 (D. Md. 1997).</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>63</div>
<div></div>
<div>error or irregularity at a deposition is waived if it relates to the form of a question or answer or</div>
<div>other matter that might have been corrected at the time.</div>
<div>25</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A third type of predatory practice in depositions involves witness coaching, interrupting a</p>
</div>
<div>witness, or private consultations. A technique followed by some attorneys is to make an</div>
<div>extended speaking objection that suggests an answer to a pending question (a form of witness</div>
<div>coaching). Rule 30 (c)(2) states that an objection “must be stated concisely in a</div>
<div>nonargumentative and nonsuggestive manner.” In VanPilsum v. Iowa State University,</div>
<div>26</div>
<div></div>
<div>plaintiff Joyce VanPilsum sued Iowa State for alleged age discrimination. Her counsel, attorney</div>
<div>Barrett, repeatedly restated the opposing attorney’s objections (making them thinly veiled</div>
<div>instructions to the witness), objected to the form of opposing counsel’s questions, and engaged in</div>
<div>ad hominem attacks. In a transcript of 4025 lines, only 70 percent contained questions by</div>
<div>opposing counsel and the deponent. The deposition style of attorney Barrett has become known</div>
<div>as “Rambo litigation.” Attorney Barrett was sanctioned and another deposition in front of a</div>
<div>discovery master was scheduled.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Another Rambo tactic is to hold private conferences with the client-deponent during the</p>
</div>
<div>deposition. In Hall v. Clifton Precision,</div>
<div>27</div>
<div>plaintiff’s counsel conferred privately with the</div>
<div>deponent on two occasions over the objection of opposing counsel. The federal district court</div>
<div>held that not only are private conferences barred but so are coffee breaks and recesses to discuss</div>
<div>answers to deposition questions.</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>25</div>
<div>Fed. Rule Civ. P. 32(d)(3)(B).</div>
<div>26</div>
<div>152 F.R.D. 179 (S.D. Iowa 1993).</div>
<div>27</div>
<div>150 F.R.D. 525 (E.D. Pa. 1993).</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>64</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Although somewhat rare, one last category of deposition discovery abuse is physical</p>
</div>
<div>violence. In Brewer v. Town of W. Hartford,</div>
<div>28</div>
<div>lawyer James Brewer deposed Officer Jack</div>
<div>Casey of the West Hartford police concerning the suicide of a police officer. Brewer asked</div>
<div>various questions that the opposing lawyer would not allow Casey to answer. In response,</div>
<div>Brewer physically attacked Casey and his attorney. Brewer was disbarred and convicted of a</div>
<div>misdemeanor.</div>
<div>Requests for Document Production and Inspections</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>In litigation, forensic accountants and the attorneys for whom they work depend to a</p>
</div>
<div>large extent on documents and other data obtained from opposing counsel through the document</div>
<div>production and/or inspection process. Unfortunately, one of the most contentious battlegrounds</div>
<div>involves document or data production in response to requests under Rule 34.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>One common discovery abuse is the use of overbroad document production requests in an</p>
</div>
<div>attempt to cast a wide net to launch a litigation “fishing expedition.” In Regan-Touhy v.</div>
<div>Walgreen Co.,</div>
<div>29</div>
<div>Ms. Touhy sued Walgreen Co. alleging intentional infliction of emotional</div>
<div>distress, breach of duty of confidentiality, invasion of privacy, and disclosure of confidential</div>
<div>medical information. Document production requests included a request for log files or other</div>
<div>documents capable of identifying which employees had access to her pharmacy account</div>
<div>information, a request for all manuals concerning any computer system or program housing data</div>
<div>about Ms. Touhy, a request for an employee’s personnel file, a request for all e-mails from one</div>
<div>employee’s e-mail account and a request for all documents that relate in any way to Ms. Touhy.</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>28</div>
<div>U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72734 (D. Conn. Sept. 28, 2007).</div>
<div>29</div>
<div>526 F. 3d 641 (10</div>
<div>th</div>
<div>Cir. 2008). The specific allegations of the plaintiff are that a former Walgreen’s pharmacy</div>
<div>technician, Kim Whitlock, disclosed the contents of Ms. Touhy’s medical records (i.e., a case of genital herpes) to</div>
<div>the plaintiff’s ex-husband and others.</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>65</div>
<div></div>
<div>The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a district court order that these requests were overly</div>
<div>broad. A litigant has a duty to state discovery requests with “reasonable particularity.”</div>
<div>30</div>
<div>A</div>
<div>request for document production should be sufficiently definite to “apprise a person of ordinary</div>
<div>intelligence what documents are required and to enable the court … to ascertain whether the</div>
<div>requested documents have been produced.”</div>
<div>31</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A second abuse involving document production requests is evasive or incomplete</p>
</div>
<div>responses. These leave the requesting party unable to determine whether the responding party</div>
<div>has agreed to produce all of the requested documents, when production will be made, how it will</div>
<div>be made, and once made, whether it is complete (Girard and Espinosa, 2010). One evasive</div>
<div>response is to indicate that initial document production may be supplemented if additional</div>
<div>documents are found. This position may sound reasonable but in practice it is employed to</div>
<div>deliberately withhold relevant records (Halperin, 1997). Another type of evasive response is to</div>
<div>provide only a subset of the documents requested and to indicate a limitation to the response to</div>
<div>the request by, for example, saying that there are no documents that exist with respect to the</div>
<div>matter the request addresses when, in fact, there are documents that are related to the matter</div>
<div>(Halperin, 1997).</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>The Federal Rules contain an express prohibition against evasive responses and provide</p>
</div>
<div>mechanisms to shift fees for the cost of enforcing compliance. These rules are seldom enforced</div>
<div>and, as a result, evasive discovery responses have become a routine tactic (Girard and Espinosa,</div>
<div>2010). Some of the reasons given for lack of enforcement of discovery sanctions include: 1) a</div>
<div>distaste for becoming involved in discovery disputes that litigants should be able to resolve</div>
<div>themselves; 2) a belief that litigants should seek sanctions against an adversary only when they</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>30</div>
<div>Fed. Rule Civ. P. 34(b)(1)(A).</div>
<div>31</div>
<div>Charles Wright, Arthur Miller and Richard Marcus. 8A Federal Practice and Procedure §2211.</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>66</div>
<div></div>
<div>have been without fault in complying with discovery; and 3) a belief that the imposition of a</div>
<div>sanction embarrasses or humiliates the attorney or party and should thus be resorted to only in</div>
<div>extreme situations (Moss, 2009; Vairo, 1998). Other potential contributing factors include a lack</div>
<div>of judicial resources, including time, and the lack of a uniform approach by the federal circuits in</div>
<div>imposing sanctions (Girard and Espinosa, 2010; Golinsky, 1996).</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A third abusive practice is the use of boilerplate objections to document requests. Parties</p>
</div>
<div>routinely object to virtually every request on the same grounds, including broad relevancy</div>
<div>objections, objections that requests are unduly burdensome, harassing or assuming facts not in</div>
<div>evidence, privacy objections, and attorney-client and work product objections (Girard and</div>
<div>Espinosa, 2010). A document production request may be met with a dozen or more objections,</div>
<div>regardless of whether the responding party agrees to produce documents.</div>
<div>32</div>
<div>The requesting party</div>
<div>cannot ascertain whether any documents are actually being withheld on the basis of any of the</div>
<div>objections.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A fourth predatory practice is for the party who has been requested to produce documents</p>
</div>
<div>to seek a protective order. The reasons sometimes offered in a request for protective order are</div>
<div>that the information sought would reveal a trade secret and/or the request is oppressive, harassing</div>
<div>and unduly burdensome. Protective orders that are granted assist defendants by delaying the</div>
<div>release of various documents, keeping harmful information away from the opposing side, and</div>
<div>requiring requesting attorneys to spend time negotiating complex provisions (Halperin, 1997).</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A fifth abusive technique is a document dump. A responding party provides thousands</p>
</div>
<div>and thousands of pages of poorly organized documents to the requesting party. Sometimes the</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>32</div>
<div>In Cason-Merenda v. Detroit Med. Ctr., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 94028 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 12, 2008), various</div>
<div>defendants lodged numerous “general objections” to a specific document request. The court overruled the</div>
<div>objections and ordered production of the requested documents.</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>67</div>
<div></div>
<div>responding party will bury relevant documents within huge stacks of irrelevant documents the</div>
<div>other party never requested. Another technique is to fail to produce document indices that help</div>
<div>the requesting party review the documents even though such indices exist (Halperin, 1997).</div>
<div>Tactics to Fight Predatory Discovery</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Numerous tactics can be used to respond to predatory discovery practices. These</p>
</div>
<div>responses include adopting a collaborative or team approach (i.e., working very closely with</div>
<div>counsel), making a good record, insisting on a privilege log, seeking protective orders and the</div>
<div>appointment of a special master, and seeking sanctions.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Adoption of a collaborative or team approach yields three major benefits to the discovery</p>
</div>
<div>abuse victim. One benefit is that these tactics may help counsel obtain the evidence needed to</div>
<div>win the case. A second benefit is that evidence of discovery abuse may be used as evidence of</div>
<div>bad faith in cases involving punitive damages. Moreover, a litigant who obtains a ruling that the</div>
<div>opposing party deliberately withheld documents may present that discovery misconduct ruling to</div>
<div>the court as further evidence of bad faith (in seeking punitive damages). A third benefit is</div>
<div>obtained by building a case of discovery abuse using a theory of a “discovery fraud scheme.” If</div>
<div>the opposing party is perpetrating a discovery “fraud” scheme, then evidence of the entire</div>
<div>scheme must be exposed to use it against the other party at trial.</div>
<div></div>
<div>Using a Collaborative or Team Approach</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>The great Chinese warrior Sun Tzu said, “Know thy self, know thy enemy. Victorious</p>
</div>
<div>warriors win first and then go to war, while defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to</div>
<div>win.” In that spirit, seizing the initiative by using a collaborative or teamapproach is the single</div>
<div>most important step that can be taken by the attorney and forensic accountant. First, the forensic</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
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<div></div>
<div>accountant should meet with counsel, establish discovery objectives, and obtain all documents</div>
<div>and other evidence already in the possession of the client. Some evidence, not in document</div>
<div>form, may be gleaned through interviews of various persons. The forensic accountant skilled in</div>
<div>interviewing and interrogation should prove invaluable to counsel. Completion of these first</div>
<div>three steps permits the litigation team to decide how much and what type of additional evidence</div>
<div>is needed to satisfy the discovery objectives. Also, the litigation team is now in a more informed</div>
<div>position to prepare a work program. An initial step in the work program should entail collecting</div>
<div>data on opposing counsel.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>The forensic accountant, possibly with the guidance of counsel, should collect as much</p>
</div>
<div>information as possible on the litigation work habits, style, and practices of opposing counsel.</div>
<div>The cost of these services most likely would be paid by the client but could be charged at a lower</div>
<div>rate than traditional litigation support services. Such knowledge can assist in speculating about</div>
<div>the kind of discovery abuse, if any, to expect from the opposing side. The extent of this</div>
<div>knowledge can range from the superficial to the in-depth. One means of compiling data is for</div>
<div>the forensic accountant to observe opposing counsel performing direct and cross-examinations,</div>
<div>lodging objections, and engaging in opening and closing arguments at trial to develop an</div>
<div>understanding of his or her litigation techniques and practices. Another means of gaining</div>
<div>knowledge is to talk with lawyers who have litigated against opposing counsel. A third means is</div>
<div>to review trial court files for several cases handled by opposing counsel. Such an examination</div>
<div>may reveal the types of motions opposing counsel favors. A litigation file review should also</div>
<div>provide insights into opposing counsel’s approach to discovery practice. Moreover, such a file</div>
<div>review should focus on cases in which the opposing attorney has been sanctioned for</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
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<div></div>
<div>misconduct. Showing that opposing counsel has been previously sanctioned for the same type of</div>
<div>misconduct that occurs in the current case is a powerful tool in combating discovery abuse.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>If possible, answer such questions as what types of objections, if any, did counsel raise to</p>
</div>
<div>various interrogatories? Did counsel file any motions for a protective order? Did counsel do a</div>
<div>document dump or engage in other abusive discovery practices? Did counsel ever refuse to</div>
<div>comply with a court order? These are just a few of the many questions that could be answered</div>
<div>by investigating the opposing attorney.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Before commencing the discovery process, it may also be advisable to collect as much</p>
</div>
<div>information as possible about the opposing litigant—individual, business (partnership or</div>
<div>corporation), non-profit, government agency or other entity (e.g., trust). When a business is the</div>
<div>opposing litigant, the litigation team should gain an understanding of the following areas:</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>1. the nature of the entity’s business, industry, competition, market share, and major</p>
</div>
<div>suppliers and customers;</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>2. the entity’s capital and/or financing structure (including bank accounts maintained and</p>
</div>
<div>how and for what purpose they are used, information about investment accounts, etc.) if the data</div>
<div>is available without legal process;</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>3. the entity’s organizational structure including parent, subsidiaries (domestic and</p>
</div>
<div>foreign), joint ventures, etc.;</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>4. the entity’s regulatory environment (publicly available documents such as Form 10-K</p>
</div>
<div>can be excellent sources of information);</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>5. the flow of funds through the business;</p>
</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>6. nature of the decision-making process at the executive level;</p>
</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>7. production methods (if relevant);</p>
</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
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<div>70</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>8. purchasing methods, e.g., contract, bidding (if relevant);</p>
</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>9. employee compensation methods, e.g., salary, hourly, commission, etc. (if relevant);</p>
</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>10. accounting information system and internal controls and accounting records</p>
</div>
<div>maintained;</div>
<div>
<p>a.</p>
<div></div>
<p>the forensic accountant’s understanding will focus on these and other</p>
</div>
<div>questions:</div>
<div>
<p></p>
<div></div>
<p>How is the type of transaction initiated and authorized? What processing</p>
</div>
<div>steps are involved? Who performs these procedures?</div>
<div>
<p></p>
<div></div>
<p>What records and documents are involved? How are documents filed and</p>
</div>
<div>stored? How are they completed? If they are completed electronically,</div>
<div>who are the individuals with access?</div>
<div>11. the identity of related parties, if any; and</div>
<div>12. the types and amounts of insurance coverage in the event that the subject litigation</div>
<div>may involve the potential payment of damages (if liability is established).</div>
<div></div>
<div>A forensic accountant should identify the personnel who have influence over</div>
<div>whether and how to respond to discovery requests and what type of discovery requests may be</div>
<div>forthcoming. Knowledge of key personnel might help the forensic accountant identify potential</div>
<div>witnesses and/or deponents.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Financial statement analysis should be undertaken to determine the financial condition of</p>
</div>
<div>the opposing litigant—business entity or otherwise. Financial statement analysis would reveal</div>
<div>whether the litigation opponent is in financial distress. The presence of financial distress may</div>
<div>affect the pressures or motives of a litigant during the discovery process.</div>
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<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Adoption of a collaborative or team approach also entails using precise discovery</p>
</div>
<div>requests. Use of an industry expert or forensic accountant is vital in preparing precise discovery</div>
<div>requests, particularly when seeking financial documentation or data. Precise discovery requests</div>
<div>reduce the legitimacy of the objection that the request is “unduly broad” and force the opposing</div>
<div>side to offer precise or specific objections if the objections are to withstand judicial scrutiny.</div>
<div>Moreover, precise discovery requests may have a higher likelihood of surviving a motion for a</div>
<div>protective order from the opposing side than would requests that are not as precise.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A collaborative or team approach also entails quick responses to any delays, omissions,</p>
</div>
<div>incomplete responses, etc. Some discovery abusers try to run the clock out (by waiting until the</div>
<div>last minute to respond to interrogatories or requests for production) to force the other party to</div>
<div>conduct depositions without adequate background information. Responding quickly is not often</div>
<div>a simple matter. Attorneys may have heavy case loads and it may take considerable time to</div>
<div>analyze responses to interrogatories and requests for production.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>The litigation team may think of and treat discovery abuse as a fraud scheme. Discovery</p>
</div>
<div>abuse, such as withholding documents, may, under certain circumstances, especially in</div>
<div>combination with other misconduct, constitute “fraud on the court.”</div>
<div>33</div>
<div>Arguably, a litigant and/or</div>
<div>litigator who withholds documents during pretrial discovery may engage in other abusive</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>33</div>
<div>A “fraud on the court” occurs where it can be demonstrated, clearly and convincingly, that a party has sentiently</div>
<div>set in motion some unconscionable scheme calculated to interfere with the judicial system’s ability impartially to</div>
<div>adjudicate a matter by improperly influencing the trier or unfairly hampering the presentation of the opposing</div>
<div>party’s claim or defense. Since corrupt intent knows no stylistic boundaries, fraud on the court can take many</div>
<div>forms. Aoude v. Mobil Oil Corporation, 892 F. 2d 1115 (1</div>
<div>st</div>
<div>Cir. 1989); Alexander v. Robertson, 882 F. 2d 421 (9</div>
<div>th</div>
<div></div>
<div>Cir. 1989).Examples of withholding documents during pretrial discovery being part of a fraud on the court include:</div>
<div>Skywark v. Isaacson et al., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1171 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 8, 2000) (plaintiff’s conduct included lies</div>
<div>under oath, delays and through concealment by deliberate extraction of requested medical records evidence of</div>
<div>malingering and a possible bribery attempt to inflate the value of a claim); Penthouse Int’l. Ltd. v. Playboy, 663 F.</div>
<div>2d 371 (2</div>
<div>nd</div>
<div>Cir. 1981) (plaintiff refused to produce certain records in violation of a court order and where false</div>
<div>testimony, material misrepresentations by counsel and foot-dragging were used to prevent defendant from getting at</div>
<div>relevant records).</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
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<div></div>
<div>conduct. Moreover, discovery abuse may be deemed “bad faith” by a court under certain</div>
<div>circumstances.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Document or evidence withholding during discovery may take these forms:</p>
</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>1. Sanitized document or data production &#8212; involves removal of data or facts detrimental</p>
</div>
<div>to the party’s case. This scheme leaves the perpetrator vulnerable to having to explain the</div>
<div>absence of documents. Policy and procedure manuals may require inclusion of various types of</div>
<div>documents not found in a file.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>2. Intentionally incomplete production &#8212; entails leaving out or omitting any record of key</p>
</div>
<div>facts, meetings, emails, or phone calls between important players in the case</div>
<div>34</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>3. Unbalanced production &#8212; involves creating documents and/or data that favor the</p>
</div>
<div>responding party’s side of the case (e.g., denial of insurance coverage).</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A common sense reaction to suspected withholding during discovery is a careful</p>
</div>
<div>inspection of documents that are produced. First, the investigator can look for references to</div>
<div>withheld documents. Many documents, e-mails, and other data cross-reference each other,</div>
<div>permitting the accountant to construct an audit trail of documents. The use of diagrams and</div>
<div>flowcharts illustrates the flow of documents and relations between them. Although the</div>
<div>relationship between some documents is subtle, an experienced forensic accountant can often</div>
<div>make the connection to a missing document.</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>Another part of deflecting discovery abuse is fashioning a framework from the outset in</p>
</div>
<div>which predatory misconduct is discouraged and barriers to it are erected. An attorney should</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>34</div>
<div>An example of an incomplete file and how its exposure can be used against the offending party is:</div>
<div>Was a meeting held? Probably. Somebody picked up the phone, set a meeting,</div>
<div>and nobody put their notes in the file. It was “of the record” so they could speak</div>
<div>freely without fear of later cross-examination. The opposing attorney could have a</div>
<div>field day with an intentionally incomplete file (Williams, 2001)</div>
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<div></div>
<div>work with a forensic accountant and obtain the trial court’s assistance in imposing restrictions on</div>
<div>discovery. Since trial judges dislike monitoring discovery, a special master or discovery referee</div>
<div>may be enlisted by the court (Shugrue, 1997). Such a master can hold regularly scheduled</div>
<div>hearings to address ongoing discovery disputes as they occur. In addition, a litigant can request</div>
<div>that the losers of motions involving discovery abuse pay costs and fees.</div>
<div>Making a Good Record</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A second tactic in combating abusive discovery involves making a good record.</p>
</div>
<div>Attorneys and forensic accountants should meticulously monitor deadlines and ask for</div>
<div>extensions only when necessary. An attorney and forensic accountant should keep a spreadsheet</div>
<div>of all discovery requests, motions, and the status of each request and motion. This tactic also</div>
<div>requires the documentation of abuse by creating correspondence describing the other side’s</div>
<div>failure to follow the rules (Jenner, 2002). The pursuit of a “meet and confer” process establishes</div>
<div>a litigant’s reasonableness in the face of discovery abuse. This approach provides a court a</div>
<div>middle ground to resolve a dispute (Shugrue, 1997).</div>
<div>Providing a Privilege Log</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A third tactic is to insist that the opponent provide a “privilege log.” This lists the</p>
</div>
<div>documents the opposing litigant refuses to produce on the basis of a legally recognized privilege</div>
<div>or work product doctrine under Rule 26(b)(5). The log must describe the nature of the</div>
<div>documents or items not produced without revealing privileged or protected information but</div>
<div>permitting other parties to ascertain whether the claim is legitimate.</div>
<div>35</div>
<div>Also, counsel may request</div>
<div>an in-camera review of documents withheld due to a privilege claim. One abuse maneuver is to</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>35</div>
<div>Leach v. Quality Health Servs., 162 F.R.D. 499 (E.D. Pa. 1995); In re Unisys Corp. Retiree Med. Benefits ERISA</div>
<div>Litig., 1994 WL 6883 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 6, 1994).</div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
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<div>74</div>
<div></div>
<div>insulate employees and attorneys from discovery by claiming that the shielded work is in</div>
<div>anticipation of litigation (work product rule).</div>
<div>Protective Orders</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>A fourth step is to seek a protective order from the trial court. Given the abusive conduct</p>
</div>
<div>that may occur in depositions (and especially if investigative work reveals that opposing counsel</div>
<div>is a “Rambo litigator”) obtaining a protective order that sets limits on the lengths of depositions</div>
<div>and establishes payment obligations and other conditions for violations (Jenner, 2002) might be</div>
<div>prudent. Some jurisdictions have local rules that place time limits (beyond those contained in the</div>
<div>Federal Rules) on various forms of discovery. One common abusive maneuver is to ignore</div>
<div>interrogatories, document production requests and requests for admission to force the other side</div>
<div>to proceed to deposition without proper preparation. A protective order can overcome or shield</div>
<div>against these predatory practices. Another favorite abuse maneuver is a document dump on the</div>
<div>eve of a hearing on a motion to compel production. Keeping in mind that Rule 34(b)(2)(E) states</div>
<div>that a responding party “must organize and label them to correspond to the categories in the</div>
<div>request,” and Rule 33(c) indicates that a “responding party has the duty to specify” the records</div>
<div>from which answers to interrogatories may be derived, a protective order obtained beforehand</div>
<div>may provide additional protections against such abuses.</div>
<div>Seeking Sanctions</div>
<div>
<div></div>
<p>The most potent tactic is to seek sanctions for predatory discovery. Federal courts have</p>
</div>
<div>ample authority to impose sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37, including the</div>
<div>following:</div>
<div>
<p>1.</p>
<div></div>
<p>directing that matters embraced in a court order be taken as established for purposes</p>
</div>
<div>of the lawsuit;</div>
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<div>75</div>
<div></div>
<div>
<p>2.</p>
<div></div>
<p>prohibiting the discovery abuser from supporting or opposing designated claims or</p>
</div>
<div>defenses on introducing certain evidence;</div>
<div>
<p>3.</p>
<div></div>
<p>striking pleadings in whole or in part;</p>
</div>
<div>
<p>4.</p>
<div></div>
<p>staying further proceedings until a court order is obeyed;</p>
</div>
<div>
<p>5.</p>
<div></div>
<p>dismissing the action in whole or in part;</p>
</div>
<div>
<p>6.</p>
<div></div>
<p>rendering a default judgment against the abusing party;</p>
</div>
<div>
<p>7.</p>
<div></div>
<p>treating as contempt of court the failure to obey a court order except the failure to</p>
</div>
<div>submit to a physical or mental examination; and/or</div>
<div>
<p>8.</p>
<div></div>
<p>ordering expenses to be paid by the misbehaving party.</p>
</div>
<div>Despite the existence of the authority to impose sanctions, many federal courts</div>
<div>do not enforce the civil discovery rules in this way (Girard and Espinosa, 2010; Mehr, 2012).</div>
<div>Moreover, many attorneys do not seek to enforce compliance with discovery rules and orders</div>
<div>through sanctions (Girard and Espinosa, 2010). According to one recent study, discovery</div>
<div>sanctions were sought in only about 3 percent of cases and of those filed, only 26 percent are</div>
<div>granted in whole or in part (Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System, 2009).</div>
<div>Hence, it is essential to combine forensic accounting strategy and techniques with anti-abuse</div>
<div>tactics to improve the discovery process in forensic accounting litigation.</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>76</div>
<div></div>
<div>Conclusion</div>
<div>Legal disputes offer opportunities for parties to an action to abuse provisions of the law,</div>
<div>especially in the area of discovery. Forensic accountants are particularly qualified to work with</div>
<div>attorneys to help reduce the harmful effects of attempts to abuse the discovery process. The best</div>
<div>defense is to be aware of the techniques that abusers use to frustrate the system and to take</div>
<div>proactive steps to lower the likelihood that such abuses, when attempted, are thwarted. These</div>
<div>steps include approaching the legal action with a predetermined plan: gathering information</div>
<div>about the practices of opposing counsel, collecting information about the opposing party,</div>
<div>enlisting the aid of a special master or discovery referee, examining documents with skepticism,</div>
<div>and documenting discovery abuse when encountered. In addition, the forensic accountant can</div>
<div>assess the relevance of documents already in the possession of the client, determine the identity</div>
<div>of documents needed as evidence, and examine documents received. The attorney can increase</div>
<div>the chances that the discovery process works as the law intends by insisting that the opposing</div>
<div>counsel provide a privilege log, seeking protective orders, and sanctions should discovery abuse</div>
<div>occur. Taking these steps will increase the odds of resolving actions in a manner that is fair and</div>
<div>impartial.</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>77</div>
<div></div>
<div>Appendix A</div>
<div></div>
<div>Improper Objections</div>
<div>Proper Objections</div>
<div>If you recall</div>
<div>Leading question</div>
<div>Do not guess</div>
<div>Ambiguous</div>
<div>The witness does not understand the question</div>
<div>Compound question</div>
<div>I do not understand the question</div>
<div>Argumentative</div>
<div>The item speaks for itself</div>
<div>Form of the question</div>
<div>Calls for a legal conclusion</div>
<div></div>
<div>Calls for a narrative</div>
<div></div>
<div>Asked and answered</div>
<div></div>
<div>Assumes facts not in evidence</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>Sources: Alford et al.(2010); In re Stratosphere Corp. Sec. Litig., 182 F.R.D. 614 (D. Nev. 1998).</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div>References</div>
<div>Alford, H., J. Ebanks, S. Goldman, M, Karp, and J. Ortega. 2010. Dealing with the Difficult Lawyer. Federation of Defense and Corporate Counsel Quarterly (Spring 2010): 279-294.</div>
<div>Crumbley, D.L., L.E. Heitger, and G.S. Smith. 2013. Forensic and Investigative Accounting, 6th ed., ¶ 8006, 8-5. Easterbrook, F. 1989. Discovery as Abuse. Boston University Law Review 69: 635-648.</div>
<div>Epstein, R. 2007. Bell Atlantic v. Twombly: How Motions to Dismiss Become (Disguised) Summary Judgments. Washington University Journal of Law &amp; Policy 25: 61-99.</div>
<div>Flegal, F. 1982. Discovery Abuse: Causes, Effects, and Reform. Review of Litigation 3: 1-7. Girard, D. and T. I. Espinosa. 2010. Limiting Evasive Discovery: A Proposal for Three Cost-Saving Amendments to the Federal Rules. University of Denver Law Review 87: 473-484.</div>
<div>Glover, J.M. 2012. The Federal Rules of Civil Settlement. New York University Law Review 87: 1713-1778.</div>
<div>Golinsky, J. 1996. The Second Circuit’s Imposition of Litigation-Ending Sanctions for Failures to Comply with Discovery Orders: Should Rule n37(b)(2) Defaults and Dismissals Be Determined by a Roll of the Dice? Brooklyn Law Review 62: 585-662.</div>
<div>Halperin, D. 1997. Discovery Abuse: <span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>How Defendants in Product Liability Lawsuits Hide and Destroy Evidence</strong></span>. Congress Watch, found at</div>
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<div>Hare, F.H., J. Gilbert and S. Ollanik. 1995. Full Disclosure: Combatting Stonewalling and Other Discovery Abuse, 2nd edition.</div>
<div>Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System. 2009. Civil Case Processing in the Federal District Courts. University of Denver.</div>
<div>Jenner, R. 2002. How to Attack Discovery Abuse. Trial 38(2): 28-33.</div>
<div>Kim, J.Y. and K. Ryu. 2002. Sanctions in Pre-Trial Discovery. European Journal of Law and</div>
<div>Economics 14: 45-60.</div>
<div>Lee, E. and T. Willging. 2010. Attorney Satisfaction with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.</div>
<div>Federal Judicial Center.</div>
<div>Luria, A. and J. Clabby. 2005. An Expense Out of Control: Rule 33 Interrogatories After the Advent of Initial Disclosures and Two Proposals for Change. Chapman Law Review 9: 29-49.</div>
<div>Mehr, D. 2012. Excessive or Warranted? The Unshackling of Discovery Sanctions in Lee v. Max International LLC. Brigham University Law Review 2012: 607-621.</div>
<div>Moss, S. 2009. Reluctant Judicial Fact-Finding: When Minimalism and Judicial Modesty Go Too Far. Seattle University Law Review 32: 549-567.</div>
<div>Rennie, D. 2011. The End of Interrogatories: Why Twombly and Iqbal Should Finally Stop Rule 33 Abuse. Lewis &amp; Clark Law Review 15: 191-263.</div>
<div>Sinclair, K. 2008. Sinclair on Civil Procedure, 5th ed. §9:1, 9:1.2.</div>
<div>Shugrue, J. 1997. Identifying and Combating Discovery Abuse. Litigation 23: 10-17. Journal of Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</div>
<div>Vol. 6, Issue 2, July &#8211; December, 2014</div>
<div>Vairo, G. 1998. Rule 11 and the Profession. Fordham Law Review 67: 589-648.</div>
<div>Chicago Law Review 75: 911-940.</div>
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<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: 24pt;"><em><span style="color: #ff00ff;">To</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">Learn More</span><span style="color: #ff00ff;">&#8230;.</span> Read <span style="color: #0000ff;">MORE</span> Below <span style="color: #ff00ff;">and</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">click <span style="color: #ff00ff;">the</span> links Below </span></em></span></h1>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Abuse</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #000000;"> &amp;</span> Neglect<span style="color: #000000;"> &#8211;</span> The Mandated <span style="color: #008000;">Reporters  (<span style="color: #0000ff;">Police, D<span style="color: #000000;">.</span>A</span></span> <span style="color: #000000;">&amp;</span> M<span style="color: #0000ff;">e</span>d<span style="color: #0000ff;">i</span>c<span style="color: #0000ff;">a</span>l <span style="color: #000000;">&amp;</span></span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> the Bad <span style="color: #0000ff;">Actors)</span></span></h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;"><strong><a style="color: #ff00ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/mandated-reporter-laws/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mandated Reporter Laws &#8211; Nurses, District Attorney&#8217;s, and Police should listen up</a><br />
</strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">If You Would Like</span> to<span style="color: #000000;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/mandated-reporter-laws/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> Learn</span></a> More About</span>:</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">The California Mandated Reporting Law</span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/mandated-reporter-laws/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Click Here</span></a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">To <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Read the <span style="color: #000000;">Penal Code</span></span> § 11164-11166 &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Child Abuse or Neglect Reporting Act</span> &#8211; California Penal Code 11164-11166Article 2.5. <span style="color: #ff0000;">(CANRA</span>) <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/article-2-5-child-abuse-and-neglect-reporting-act-11164-11174-3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ss_8572.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Mandated Reporter form</a></span></strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Mandated Reporter</span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ss_8572.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FORM SS 8572.pdf</a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff00ff;">The Child Abuse</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">ALL <span style="color: #0000ff;">POLICE CHIEFS</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">SHERIFFS</span> AND <span style="color: #ff00ff;">COUNTY WELFARE</span> DEPARTMENTS  </span></strong><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/bcia05-15ib-ALL-POLICE-CHIEFS-SHERIFFS-AND-COUNTY-WELFARE-DEPARTMENTS-.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">INFO BULLETIN</a>:</span><br />
<a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/bcia05-15ib-ALL-POLICE-CHIEFS-SHERIFFS-AND-COUNTY-WELFARE-DEPARTMENTS-.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Click Here</em></a> Officers and <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/bcia05-15ib-ALL-POLICE-CHIEFS-SHERIFFS-AND-COUNTY-WELFARE-DEPARTMENTS-.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DA&#8217;s </a></span></strong><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;"> for (Procedure to Follow)</span></strong></span></h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong>It Only Takes a Minute to Make a Difference in the Life of a Child learn more below<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: 12pt;">You can learn more here <a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/California-Child-Abuse-and-Neglect-Reporting-Law.pdf"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Law</span></strong></a>  its a <a href="https://capc.sccgov.org/sites/g/files/exjcpb1061/files/document/GBACAPCv6.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF file</a></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;"><em><span style="color: #ff0000;">Learn</span> More About <span style="color: #0000ff;">True Threats</span> Here <span style="color: #ff0000;">below</span>&#8230;.</em></span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">The </span></strong><a class="row-title" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/brandenburg-v-ohio-1969/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="“Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) – 1st Amendment” (Edit)"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)</span></a> – <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">CURRENT TEST =</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">The</span> ‘<span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/the-brandenburg-test-for-incitement-to-violence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brandenburg test</a></span>’ <span style="color: #ff0000;">for incitement to violence </span></strong>– <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/incitement-to-imminent-lawless-action/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The </strong>Incitement to Imminent Lawless Action Test</a></span><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #000000;">–</span> <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a class="row-title" style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/true-threats-virginia-v-black-is-most-comprehensive-supreme-court-definition/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="“True Threats – Virginia v. Black is most comprehensive Supreme Court definition – 1st Amendment” (Edit)">True Threats – Virginia v. Black</a></span> is <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #339966;">most comprehensive</span> Supreme Court definition</span> – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/watts-v-united-states-true-threat-test/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Watts v. United States</span></a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">True Threat Test</span> – <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/clear-and-present-danger-test/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Clear and Present Danger Test</span></a> – <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/gravity-of-the-evil-test/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Gravity of the Evil Test</span></a> – <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/elonis-v-united-states-2015-threats-1st-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Elonis v. United States (2015)</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Threats</span> – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00ff; font-size: 18pt;"><em><span style="color: #ff0000;">Learn</span> More About <span style="color: #000000;">What</span> is <span style="color: #ff0000;">Obscene&#8230;. <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #000000;">be</span> careful <span style="color: #000000;">about</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;">education</span> <span style="color: #000000;">it</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;">may</span> <span style="color: #3366ff;">en<span style="color: #00ccff;">lighten</span></span> you</span></span></em></span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/miller-v-california-obscenity-1st-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Miller v. California</a></span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> &#8211;</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #000000;"> 3 Prong Obscenity Test (Miller Test)</span></span> – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/obscenity-and-pornography/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Obscenity and Pornography</a></span> – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></span></h3>
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<p><iframe title="Senator Josh Hawley GRILLS Facebook OVER 1st amendment violation relationship with US Government" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bbltqycR5BY?start=163&#038;feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00ff; font-size: 18pt;"><em><span style="color: #ff0000;">Learn More</span> About <span style="color: #0000ff;">Police</span>, The <span style="color: #0000ff;">Government Officials</span> and <span style="color: #ff0000;">You</span>&#8230;.</em></span></h2>
<h3><span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #339966;">$$ Retaliatory</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">Arrests</span> and <span style="color: #339966;">Prosecution $$</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/anti-slapp-law-in-california/"><em>Anti-SLAPP</em></a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Law in California</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Freedom of Assembly</span> – <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/freedom-of-assembly-peaceful-assembly-1st-amendment-right/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Peaceful Assembly</a> – <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/freedom-of-assembly-peaceful-assembly-1st-amendment-right/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1st Amendment Right</a></strong></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/brayshaw-vs-city-of-tallahassee-1st-amendment-posting-police-address/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Brayshaw v. City of Tallahassee</span></a> – <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&#8211; </span><span style="color: #ff0000;"><mark style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">Posting <em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police </span></em></mark><mark style="background-color: yellow;">Address</mark></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/publius-v-boyer-vine-1st-amendment-posting-police-address/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Publius v. Boyer-Vine</span></a> –<span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&#8211; </span><span style="color: #ff0000;"><mark style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">Posting <em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police</span></em> Address</mark></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/lozman-v-city-of-riviera-beach-florida-2018-1st-amendment-retaliation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, Florida (2018)</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> – </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><mark style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">Retaliatory <em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police</span></em> Arrests</mark></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/nieves-v-bartlett-2019-1st-amendment-retaliatory-arrests/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nieves v. Bartlett (2019)</a> &#8211; <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></span> – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><mark style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">Retaliatory <em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police</span></em> Arrests</mark></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/hartman-v-moore-2006-retaliatory-prosecution-claims-against-government-officials-1st-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hartman v. Moore (2006)</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;"><mark style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">Retaliatory <em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police</span></em> Arrests</mark></span><span style="color: #339966;"><br />
Retaliatory Prosecution Claims</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Against</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">G</span>o<span style="color: #0000ff;">v</span>e<span style="color: #0000ff;">r</span>n<span style="color: #0000ff;">m</span>e<span style="color: #0000ff;">n</span>t <span style="color: #0000ff;">O</span>f<span style="color: #0000ff;">f</span>i<span style="color: #0000ff;">c</span>i<span style="color: #0000ff;">a</span>l<span style="color: #0000ff;">s</span></span> &#8211; <em><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">1st</span> Amendment</span></em></span></h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/reichle-v-howards-2012-retaliatory-prosecution-claims-against-government-officials-1st-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Reichle v. Howards (2012)</span></a> &#8211; <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;"><mark style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">Retaliatory <em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police</span></em> Arrests</mark></span><span style="color: #339966;"><br />
Retaliatory Prosecution Claims</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Against</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">G</span>o<span style="color: #0000ff;">v</span>e<span style="color: #0000ff;">r</span>n<span style="color: #0000ff;">m</span>e<span style="color: #0000ff;">n</span>t <span style="color: #0000ff;">O</span>f<span style="color: #0000ff;">f</span>i<span style="color: #0000ff;">c</span>i<span style="color: #0000ff;">a</span>l<span style="color: #0000ff;">s</span></span> &#8211; <em><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">1st</span> Amendment</span></em></span></h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/freedom-of-the-press/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #ff0000;">F<span style="color: #0000ff;">r</span>e<span style="color: #0000ff;">e</span>d<span style="color: #0000ff;">o</span>m <span style="color: #0000ff;">o</span>f t<span style="color: #0000ff;">h</span>e <span style="color: #0000ff;">P</span>r<span style="color: #0000ff;">e</span>s<span style="color: #0000ff;">s</span></span></a> &#8211;<span style="color: #ff0000;"> Flyers</span>, <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Newspaper</span>, <span style="color: #008000;">Leaflets</span>, <span style="color: #3366ff;">Peaceful Assembly</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff00ff;">1<span style="color: #008000;">$</span>t Amendment<span style="color: #000000;"> &#8211; Learn <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/freedom-of-the-press/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">More Here</a></span></span></span></h3>
<h3><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/vermonts-top-court-weighs-are-kkk-fliers-protected-speech/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Vermont&#8217;s Top Court Weighs: Are KKK Fliers</span></a> &#8211; <span style="color: #008000;">1st Amendment Protected Speech</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/insulting-letters-to-politicians-home-are-constitutionally-protected/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Insulting letters to politician’s home</span></span></a><span style="color: #ff0000;"> are constitutionally protected</span>, unless they are ‘true threats’ – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="background-color: #ffff00;">Letters to Politicians Homes</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #339966;"> &#8211; 1st Amendment</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">First</span> A<span style="color: #0000ff;">m</span>e<span style="color: #0000ff;">n</span>d<span style="color: #0000ff;">m</span>e<span style="color: #0000ff;">n</span>t </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/the-first-amendment-encyclopedia/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Encyclopedia</span></a></span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> very comprehensive </span>– <span style="color: #339966;">1st Amendment</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #008000; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/dwayne-furlow-v-jon-belmar-police-warrant-immunity-fail-4th-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dwayne Furlow v. Jon Belmar</a></span> &#8211; Police Warrant &#8211; Immunity Fail &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">4th, 5th, &amp; 14th Amendment</span></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00ff; font-size: 18pt;">ARE PEOPLE <span style="color: #ff0000;">LYING ON YOU</span>? CAN YOU PROVE IT? IF YES&#8230;. <span style="color: #ff0000;">THEN YOU ARE IN LUCK!</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/penal-code-118-pc-california-penalty-of-perjury-law/"><strong>Penal Code 118 PC</strong></a></span><strong> – California <span style="color: #ff0000;">Penalty</span> of “</strong><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Perjury</span>” Law</strong></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/perjury/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Federal</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Perjury</span></strong></a> – <span style="color: #ff00ff;"><strong>Definition <span style="color: #000000;">by</span> Law</strong></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/penal-code-132-pc-offering-false-evidence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Penal Code 132 PC</a></span> – <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Offering <span style="color: #ff0000;">False</span> <span style="color: #339966;">Evidence</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/california-penal-code-134-pc-preparing-false-evidence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Penal Code 134 PC</a></span> – <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Preparing <span style="color: #ff0000;">False</span> <span style="color: #339966;">Evidence</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/118-1-pc-police-officers-filing-false-reports/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Penal Code 118.1 PC</span></a> – <span style="color: #ff00ff;"><em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police </span></em><span style="color: #339966;">Officer$</span> Filing <span style="color: #ff0000;">False</span> <span style="color: #339966;">Report$</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;"><a class="row-title" style="color: #ff00ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/spencer-v-peters/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="“Spencer v. Peters – Police Fabrication of Evidence – 14th Amendment” (Edit)"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Spencer v. Peters</span></a><span style="color: #000000;">– </span><em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police </span></em><span style="color: #ff0000;">Fabrication</span> of Evidence – <span style="color: #339966;">14th Amendment</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/penal-code-148-5-pc-making-a-false-police-report-in-california/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Penal Code 148.5 PC</a></span> –  <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Making a <span style="color: #ff0000;">False </span><em><span style="color: #3366ff;">Police </span></em><span style="color: #ff0000;">Report</span> in California</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/penal-code-115-pc-filing-a-false-document-in-california/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Penal Code 115 PC</span></a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">Filing a</span> False Document<span style="color: #ff00ff;"> in California</span></span></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #008000;">Sanctions</span> <span style="color: #000000;">and</span> Attorney <span style="color: #008000;">Fee Recovery</span> <span style="color: #000000;">for</span> Bad <span style="color: #0000ff;">Actors</span></span></h2>
<h3 class="section-title inview-fade inview" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">FAM § 3027.1 &#8211; <span style="color: #008000;">Attorney&#8217;s Fees</span> and <span style="color: #008000;">Sanctions</span> For <span style="color: #ff6600;">False Child Abuse Allegations</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Family Code 3027.1 &#8211; <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fam-code-3027-1-attorneys-fees-and-sanctions-for-false-child-abuse-allegations/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Click Here</span></a></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">FAM § 271 &#8211; <span style="color: #008000;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Awarding</span> Attorney Fees</span>&#8211; Family Code 271 <span style="color: #008000;">Family Court Sanction </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fam-271-awarding-attorney-fees-family-court-sanctions-family-code-271/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Click Here</span></a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #008000;">Awarding</span> Discovery</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Based</span> <span style="color: #008000;">Sanctions</span> in Family Law Cases &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/discovery-based-sanctions-in-family-law-cases/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">FAM § 2030 – <span style="color: #0000ff;">Bringing Fairness</span> &amp; <span style="color: #008000;">Fee</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Recovery</span> – <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fam-2030-bringing-fairness-fee-recovery-family-code-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Click Here</span></a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #008000;"><a style="color: #008000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/zamos-v-stroud-district-attorney-liable-for-bad-faith-action/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zamos v. Stroud</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;">District Attorney</span> <span style="color: #339966;">Liable</span> for <span style="color: #ff0000;">Bad Faith Action</span> &#8211; <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/zamos-v-stroud-district-attorney-liable-for-bad-faith-action/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Click Here</span></a></span></h3>
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<h2><span style="font-size: 24pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Mi$</span><span style="color: #339966;">Conduct </span><span style="color: #008000;">&#8211; </span><span style="color: #008000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">P<span style="color: #ff0000;">r</span>o</span>$<span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">e</span>c<span style="color: #0000ff;">u</span>t<span style="color: #0000ff;">o</span>r<span style="color: #0000ff;">i</span>a<span style="color: #0000ff;">l Mi$</span></span></span><span style="color: #339966;">Conduct</span></span></h2>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 36pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">P</span>r<span style="color: #ff0000;">o</span>s<span style="color: #ff0000;">e</span>c<span style="color: #ff0000;">u</span>t<span style="color: #ff0000;">o</span>r<span style="color: #008000;">$</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #ff9900; font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #339966;">Attorney Rule$ of Engagement</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;">G</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">o</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">v</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">e</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">r</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">n</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">m</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">e</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">n</span><span style="color: #ff0000;">t</span> <span style="color: #000000;">(<span style="color: #ff0000;">A</span>.<span style="color: #ff0000;">K</span>.<span style="color: #ff0000;">A</span>.</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">THE PRO<span style="color: #339966;">$</span>UCTOR</span><span style="color: #000000;">)</span> <span style="color: #3366ff;">and</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Public<span style="color: #000000;">/</span>Private Attorney</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/what-is-a-fiduciary-duty-breach-of-fiduciary-duty/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is a Fiduciary Duty; Breach of Fiduciary Duty</a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/the-attorneys-sworn-oath/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Attorney’s Sworn Oath</a></span></h3>
<p><strong><span style="color: #339966;"><a class="row-title" style="color: #339966;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-admin/post.php?post=1889&amp;action=edit" aria-label="“Malicious Prosecution / Prosecutorial Misconduct” (Edit)"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Malicious</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Prosecution</span> / <span style="color: #ff0000;">Prosecutorial</span> Misconduct</a></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> – </span><strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">Know What it is!</span></strong></p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #008000;"><a class="row-title" style="color: #008000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/new-supreme-court-ruling-makes-it-easier-to-sue-police/" aria-label="“New Supreme Court Ruling makes it easier to sue police” (Edit)"><span style="color: #0000ff;">New</span> Supreme Court Ruling</a></span> – makes it <span style="color: #008000;">easier</span> to <span style="color: #008000;">sue</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">police</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Possible courses of action</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/possible-courses-of-action-prosecutorial-misconduct/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prosecutorial <span style="color: #339966;">Misconduct</span></a></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Misconduct by Judges &amp; Prosecutor</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/misconduct-by-judges-prosecutor/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rules of Professional Conduct</a></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Functions and Duties of the Prosecutor</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/functions-and-duties-of-the-prosecutor-prosecution-conduct/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prosecution Conduct</a></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/information-on-prosecutorial-discretion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Information On Prosecutorial Discretion</a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fighting-discovery-abuse-in-litigation-forensic-investigative-accounting/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fighting Discovery Abuse in Litigation</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #339966;">Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fighting-discovery-abuse-in-litigation-forensic-investigative-accounting/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></em></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Criminal Motions § 1:9 &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/recusal-of-prosecutor-california-criminal-motions-%c2%a7-19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Motion for Recusal of Prosecutor</a></span></h3>
<h3>Pen. Code, § 1424 &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/pc-1424-recusal-of-prosecutor/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Recusal of Prosecutor</a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/removing-corrupt-judges-prosecutors-jurors-and-other-individuals-fake-evidence-from-your-case/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Removing Corrupt Judges, Prosecutors, Jurors and other Individuals</a></span> &amp; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Fake Evidence from Your Case</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">National District Attorneys Association puts out its standards<br />
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/national-district-attorneys-association-national-prosecution-standards-ndda/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Prosecution Standards</a></span> &#8211; NDD can be <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/national-district-attorneys-association-national-prosecution-standards-ndda/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">found here</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">The <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/The-Ethical-Obligations-of-Prosecutors-in-Cases-Involving-Postcon.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ethical Obligations of Prosecutors</a></span> in<span style="color: #ff0000;"> Cases Involving </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/The-Ethical-Obligations-of-Prosecutors-in-Cases-Involving-Postcon.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Postconviction Claims of</span> <span style="color: #339966;">Innocence</span></a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">ABA &#8211; Functions and Duties of the Prosecutor</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/functions-and-duties-of-the-prosecutor-prosecution-conduct/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prosecution Conduct</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Prosecutor&#8217;s Duty Duty </span>to<span style="color: #ff0000;"> Disclose Exculpatory Evidence</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Prosecutors-Duty-to-Disclose-Exculpatory-Evidence.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fordham Law Review PDF</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">Chapter 14 <span style="color: #ff0000;">Disclosure of Exculpatory</span> and <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Brady-Chapter14-2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Impeachment Information PDF</a></span></h3>
<h2><span style="font-size: 24pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Mi$</span><span style="color: #339966;">Conduct </span><span style="color: #008000;">&#8211; </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">J<span style="color: #0000ff;">u</span>d<span style="color: #0000ff;">i</span>c<span style="color: #0000ff;">i</span>a<span style="color: #0000ff;">l </span></span><span style="color: #ff0000;">Mi$</span><span style="color: #339966;">Conduct</span></span></h2>
<h3><span style="font-size: 36pt; color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">J</span>u<span style="color: #0000ff;">d</span>g<span style="color: #0000ff;">e</span><span style="color: #008000;">$</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/prosecution-of-judges-for-corrupt-practices/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Prosecution Of Judges</a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">For Corrupt <span style="color: #008000;">Practice$</span></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/code-of-conduct-for-united-states-judges/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code of Conduct</a></span> for<span style="color: #ff0000;"> United States Judge<span style="color: #008000;">$</span></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/disqualification-of-a-judge-for-prejudice/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Disqualification of a Judge</a></span> for <span style="color: #ff0000;">Prejudice</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/judicial-immunity-from-civil-and-criminal-liability/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Judicial Immunity</span></a> from <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #008000;">Civil</span> <span style="color: #000000;">and</span> Criminal Liability</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Recusal of Judge &#8211; CCP § 170.1</span> &#8211; <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/recusal-of-judge-ccp-170-1-removal-a-judge/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Removal a Judge &#8211; How to Remove a Judge</span></a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">l292 Disqualification of Judicial Officer</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/BLANK-l292-DISQUALIFICATION-OF-JUDICIAL-OFFICER.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">C.C.P. 170.6 Form</a></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/how-to-file-a-complaint-against-a-judge-in-california/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to File a Complaint</a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Against a Judge in California?</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Commission on Judicial Performance</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://cjp.ca.gov/online-complaint-form/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Judge Complaint Online Form</a></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/why-judges-district-attorneys-or-attorneys-must-sometimes-recuse-themselves/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Why Judges, District Attorneys or Attorneys</a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Must Sometimes Recuse Themselves</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/removing-corrupt-judges-prosecutors-jurors-and-other-individuals-fake-evidence-from-your-case/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Removing Corrupt Judges, Prosecutors, Jurors and other Individuals</a></span> &amp; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Fake Evidence from Your Case</span></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Misconduct by Government <span style="color: #ff0000;">Know Your Rights </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/misconduct-know-more-of-your-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Click Here</span></a><span style="color: #ff00ff;"> (<span style="color: #339966;">must read!</span>)</span></span></h2>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/recoverable-damages-under-42-u-s-c-section-1983/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> Under 42 U.S.C. $ection 1983</span></a> – <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Recoverable</span> <span style="color: #339966;">Damage$</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/42-us-code-1983-civil-action-for-deprivation-of-rights/">42 U.S. Code § 1983</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> – </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #339966;">Civil Action</span> for Deprivation of <span style="color: #339966;">Right$</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/18-u-s-code-%c2%a7-242-deprivation-of-rights-under-color-of-law/"><span style="color: #0000ff;">18 U.S. Code § 242</span></a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #339966;">Deprivation of Right$</span> Under Color of Law</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/18-u-s-code-%c2%a7-241-conspiracy-against-rights/">18 U.S. Code § 241</a></span> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">Conspiracy against <span style="color: #339966;">Right$</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/section-1983-lawsuit-how-to-bring-a-civil-rights-claim/"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Section 1983 Lawsuit</span></a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">How to Bring a <span style="color: #339966;">Civil Rights Claim</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/misconduct-know-more-of-your-rights/"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #339966;">Suing</span> for Misconduct</span></a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">Know More of Your <span style="color: #339966;">Right$</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/police-misconduct-in-california-how-to-bring-a-lawsuit/"><span style="color: #008000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Police</span> Misconduct in California</span></a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">How to Bring a <span style="color: #339966;">Lawsuit</span></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">How to File a complaint of </span><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/how-to-file-a-complaint-of-police-misconduct/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Police Misconduct?</a></span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"> (Tort Claim Forms </span><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/how-to-file-a-complaint-of-police-misconduct/">here as well)</a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/deprivation-of-rights-under-color-of-law/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Deprivation of Rights</a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Under Color of the Law</span></span></h3>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">What is Sua Sponte</span> and <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/what-is-sua-sponte-and-how-is-it-used-in-a-california-court/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How is it Used in a California Court? </a></span></span></h1>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Removing Corrupt Judges, Prosecutors, Jurors<br />
<span style="color: #000000;">and other Individuals &amp; Fake Evidence </span></span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/removing-corrupt-judges-prosecutors-jurors-and-other-individuals-fake-evidence-from-your-case/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">from Your Case </span></a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/anti-slapp-law-in-california/"><em>Anti-SLAPP</em></a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Law in California</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/freedom-of-assembly-peaceful-assembly-1st-amendment-right/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Freedom of Assembly – Peaceful Assembly – 1st Amendment Right</a></strong></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/how-to-recover-punitive-damages-in-a-california-personal-injury-case/">How to Recover “Punitive Damages”</a><span style="color: #ff0000;"> in a California Personal Injury Case</span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/pro-se-forms-and-forms-information/">Pro Se Forms and Forms Information</a><span style="color: #ff0000;">(Tort Claim Forms </span><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/pro-se-forms-and-forms-information/">here as well)</a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/what-is-a-tort/">What is</a><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/what-is-a-tort/"> Tort<span style="color: #ff0000;">?</span></a></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: 24pt;"><span style="color: #3366ff;">PARENT</span> CASE LAW </span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">RELATIONSHIP </span><em>WITH YOUR </em><span style="color: #ff0000;">CHILDREN </span><em>&amp;<br />
YOUR </em><span style="color: #0000ff;">CONSTITUIONAL</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;"><span style="color: #339966;">RIGHT$</span> + RULING$</span></span></h2>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: #339966; font-size: 10pt;">YOU CANNOT GET BACK TIME BUT YOU CAN HIT THOSE<span style="color: #ff0000;"> IMMORAL NON CIVIC MINDED PUNKS</span> WHERE THEY WILL FEEL YOU = THEIR BANK</span></strong></p>
<h3><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/family-law-appeal/">Family Law Appeal</a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Learn about appealing a Family Court Decision</span> <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/family-law-appeal/">Here</a></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/9-3-section-1983-claim-against-defendant-in-individual-capacity-elements-and-burden-of-proof/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>9.3 </strong><strong>Section 1983 Claim Against Defendant as (Individuals)</strong></a></span><strong> —</strong><span style="color: #008000;"><br />
14th Amendment </span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="color: #000000;">this </span><strong><span style="color: #ff00ff;">CODE PROTECT$</span> <span style="color: #000000;">all <span style="color: #0000ff;">US CITIZEN$</span></span></strong></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/amdt5-4-5-6-2-parental-and-childrens-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amdt5.4.5.6.2 &#8211; Parental and Children&#8217;s Rights</a></strong></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #008000;"> &#8211;<br />
5th Amendment </span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="color: #000000;">this </span><strong><span style="color: #ff00ff;">CODE PROTECT$</span> <span style="color: #000000;">all <span style="color: #0000ff;">US CITIZEN$</span></span></strong></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/9-32-particular-rights-fourteenth-amendment-interference-with-parent-child-relationship/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #008000;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">9.32 </span></span>&#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;">Interference with Parent / Child Relationship </span></a><span style="color: #008000;">&#8211;<br />
14th Amendment </span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="color: #000000;">this </span><strong><span style="color: #ff00ff;">CODE PROTECT$</span> <span style="color: #000000;">all <span style="color: #0000ff;">US CITIZEN$</span></span></strong></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/california-civil-code-section-52-1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>California Civil Code Section 52.1</strong></a><br />
</span><span style="color: #339966;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">Interference</span> with exercise or enjoyment of <span style="color: #ff0000;">individual rights</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/parents-rights-childrens-bill-of-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Parent&#8217;s Rights &amp; Children’s Bill of Rights</span></a><br />
<span style="color: #339966;">SCOTUS RULINGS <span style="color: #ff00ff;">FOR YOUR</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">PARENT RIGHTS</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/category/motivation/rights/children/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">SEARCH</span></a> of our site for all articles relating </span></span>for <span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">PARENTS RIGHTS</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Help</span></span>!</span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/childs-best-interest-in-custody-cases/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Child&#8217;s Best Interest</a></span> in <span style="color: #ff0000;">Custody Cases</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/fl105.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Are You From Out of State</a> (California)?  <a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/fl105.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FL-105 GC-120(A)</a><br />
Declaration Under Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA)</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Learn More:</span><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/family-law-appeal/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Law Appeal</a></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/necessity-defense-in-criminal-cases/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Necessity Defense in Criminal Cases</a></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000; font-size: 24pt;"><span style="color: #3366ff;">GRANDPARENT</span> CASE LAW </span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/do-grandparents-have-visitation-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Do Grandparents Have Visitation Rights?</a> </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">If there is an Established Relationship then Yes</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/third-presumed-parent-family-code-7612c-requires-established-relationship-required/">Third “PRESUMED PARENT” Family Code 7612(C)</a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">Requires Established Relationship Required</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Cal State Bar PDF to read about Three Parent Law </span>&#8211;<br />
<span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ThreeParentLaw-The-State-Bar-of-California-family-law-news-issue4-2017-vol.-39-no.-4.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The State Bar of California family law news issue4 2017 vol. 39, no. 4.pdf</a></span></strong></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/distinguishing-request-for-custody-from-request-for-visitation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Distinguishing Request for Custody</a></span> from Request for Visitation</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/troxel-v-granville-grandparents/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000)</a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">Grandparents – 14th Amendment</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/s-f-human-servs-agency-v-christine-c-in-re-caden-c/">S.F. Human Servs. Agency v. Christine C. </a><span style="color: #ff0000;">(In re Caden C.)</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/9-32-particular-rights-fourteenth-amendment-interference-with-parent-child-relationship/">9.32 Particular Rights</a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">Fourteenth Amendment</span> – <span style="color: #339966;">Interference with Parent / Child Relationship</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/childs-best-interest-in-custody-cases/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Child&#8217;s Best Interest</a> </span>in <span style="color: #ff0000;">Custody Cases</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">When is a Joinder in a Family Law Case Appropriate?</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/when-is-a-joinder-in-a-family-law-case-appropriate/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reason for Joinder</a></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/joinder-in-family-law-cases-crc-rule-5-24/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Joinder In Family Law Cases</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">CRC Rule 5.24</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #008000;">GrandParents Rights</span> <span style="color: #339966;">To Visit<br />
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/SHC-FL-05.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Law Packet</a><span style="color: #ff6600;"> OC Resource Center</span><br />
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/grandparent_visitation_with_fam_law.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Law Packet</a> <span style="color: #ff0000;">SB Resource Center<br />
</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/motion-to-vacate-an-adverse-judgment/">Motion to vacate an adverse judgment</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/mandatory-joinder-vs-permissive-joinder-compulsory-vs-dismissive-joinder/">Mandatory Joinder vs Permissive Joinder – Compulsory vs Dismissive Joinder</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/when-is-a-joinder-in-a-family-law-case-appropriate/">When is a Joinder in a Family Law Case Appropriate?</a></span></h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/kyle-o-v-donald-r-2000-grandparents/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Kyle O. v. Donald R. (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 848</strong></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/punsly-v-ho-2001-87-cal-app-4th-1099-grandparents-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Punsly v. Ho (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 1099</strong></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/zauseta-v-zauseta-2002-102-cal-app-4th-1242-grandparents-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Zauseta v. Zauseta (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 1242</strong></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/s-f-human-servs-agency-v-christine-c-in-re-caden-c/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S.F. Human Servs. Agency v. Christine C. (In re Caden C.)</a></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/ian-j-v-peter-m-grandparents-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ian J. v. Peter M</a></strong></span></p>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #3366ff;">DUE PROCESS READS&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/due-process-vs-substantive-due-process/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Due Process vs Substantive Due Process</a> learn more </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/due-process-vs-substantive-due-process/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">HERE</span></a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://ollkennedy.weebly.com/uploads/4/3/7/6/43764795/due_process_1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Understanding Due Process</a>  &#8211; <span style="color: #000000;"><strong>This clause caused over 200 overturns </strong>in just DNA alone </span></span><a href="https://ollkennedy.weebly.com/uploads/4/3/7/6/43764795/due_process_1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Mathews v. Eldridge</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Due Process</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;">&#8211; 5th &amp; 14th Amendment</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/mathews-v-eldridge-due-process-5th-14th-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mathews Test</a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/mathews-v-eldridge-due-process-5th-14th-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3 Part Test</a></span>&#8211; <a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/mathews-v-eldridge-due-process-5th-14th-amendment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amdt5.4.5.4.2 Mathews Test</a></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">“</span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/unfriending-evidence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Unfriending</span></a><span style="color: #ff0000;">” </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">Evidence &#8211; </span><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/unfriending-evidence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">5th Amendment</span></a></span></h3>
<h3 class="doc_name f2-ns f3 mv0" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">At the</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Intersection</span> of <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/at-the-intersection-of-technology-and-law/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Technology and Law</a></span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">We also have the </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">Introducing TEXT &amp; EMAIL </span><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/introducing-text-email-digital-evidence-in-california-courts/">Digital Evidence</a> i<span style="color: #000000;">n</span> <span style="color: #ff00ff;">California Courts </span></span>–<span style="color: #339966;"> 1st Amendment<br />
<span style="color: #000000;">so if you are interested in learning about </span></span></span><span style="color: #ff00ff;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/introducing-text-email-digital-evidence-in-california-courts/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>I</strong></span><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">ntroducing Digital Evidence in California State Courts</span><br />
click here for SCOTUS rulings</strong></a></span></span></h3>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;">Retrieving Evidence / Internal Investigation Case </span></h2>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/conviction-integrity-unit-ciu-of-the-orange-county-district-attorney-ocda/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conviction Integrity Unit (“CIU”)</a></span> of the <span style="color: #339966;">Orange County District Attorney OCDA</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/conviction-integrity-unit-ciu-of-the-orange-county-district-attorney-ocda/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fighting-discovery-abuse-in-litigation-forensic-investigative-accounting/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fighting Discovery Abuse in Litigation</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #339966;">Forensic &amp; Investigative Accounting</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fighting-discovery-abuse-in-litigation-forensic-investigative-accounting/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a><br />
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="color: #ff6600;">Orange County</span> Data, <span style="color: #0000ff;">BodyCam</span>,<span style="color: #0000ff;"> Police</span> Report, <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Incident Reports</span>,<br />
and <span style="color: #008000;">all other available known requests for data</span> below: </strong></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">APPLICATION TO <span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Application-to-Examine-Local-Arrest-Record.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EXAMINE LOCAL ARREST RECORD</a></span> UNDER CPC 13321 <em><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Application-to-Examine-Local-Arrest-Record.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Click Here</span></a></em></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Learn About <span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/policy-814-discovery-requests-orange-county-sheriff-coroner-department/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Policy 814: Discovery Requests </a></span>OCDA Office &#8211; <em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/policy-814-discovery-requests-orange-county-sheriff-coroner-department/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></em></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Request for <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Application-to-Examine-Local-Arrest-Record.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Proof In-Custody</span></span></a> Form <em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/7399.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></em></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Request for <span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Request-for-Clearance-Letter.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clearance Letter</a></span> Form <span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Request-for-Clearance-Letter.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></em></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Application to Obtain Copy of <span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/BCIA_8705.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">State Summary of Criminal History</a></span>Form <em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/BCIA_8705.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></em></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #000000;">Request Authorization Form </span><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Request-Authorization-Form-Release-of-Case-Information.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Release of Case Information</a></span> &#8211; <em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Request-Authorization-Form-Release-of-Case-Information.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></em></span></h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Texts</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Emails</span> AS <span style="color: #0000ff;">EVIDENCE</span>: </em><a style="font-size: 16px;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/introducing-text-email-digital-evidence-in-california-courts#AuthenticatingTexts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><b>Authenticating Texts</b></span></a><b style="font-size: 16px;"> for </b><a style="font-size: 16px;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/introducing-text-email-digital-evidence-in-california-courts#AuthenticatingTexts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b><span style="color: #008000;">California</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Courts</span></b></a></h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/can-i-use-text-messages-in-my-california-divorce/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Can I Use Text Messages in My California Divorce?</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/two-steps-and-voila-how-to-authenticate-text-messages/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Two-Steps And Voila: How To Authenticate Text Messages</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/how-your-texts-can-be-used-as-evidence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">How Your Texts Can Be Used As Evidence?</span></a></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">California Supreme Court Rules:<br />
<span style="color: #ff0000;">Text Messages Sent on Private Government Employees Lines<br />
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/california-supreme-court-rules-text-messages-sent-on-private-government-employees-lines-subject-to-open-records-requests/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Subject to Open Records Requests</a></span></h3>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">case law: <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/city-of-san-jose-v-superior-court-releasing-private-text-phone-records-of-government-employees/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">City of San Jose v. Superior Court</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Releasing Private Text/Phone Records</span> of <span style="color: #0000ff;">Government  Employees</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/League_San-Jose-Resource-Paper-FINAL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Public Records Practices After</span></a> the <span style="color: #ff0000;">San Jose Decision</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/8-s218066-rpi-reply-brief-merits-062215.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Decision Briefing Merits</a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #000000;">After</span> the San Jose Decision</span></h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Request-Authorization-Form-Release-of-Case-Information.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CPRA</a></span> Public Records Act Data Request &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Request-Authorization-Form-Release-of-Case-Information.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></span></h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Here is the <span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://cdss.govqa.us/WEBAPP/_rs/(S(uty3grnyfii3noec0dj24qvr))/SupportHome.aspx?sSessionID=" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Public Records Service Act</a></span> Portal for all of <span style="color: #008000;">CALIFORNIA </span><em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://cdss.govqa.us/WEBAPP/_rs/(S(uty3grnyfii3noec0dj24qvr))/SupportHome.aspx?sSessionID=" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></em></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/rules-of-admissibility-evidence-admissibility/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Rules of Admissibility</span></a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Evidence Admissibility</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/confrontation-clause/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Confrontation Clause</span></a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Sixth Amendment</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/exceptions-to-the-hearsay-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Exceptions To The Hearsay Rule</span></a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Confronting Evidence</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Prosecutor’s Obligation to Disclose</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/prosecutors-obligation-to-disclose-exculpatory-evidence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Exculpatory Evidence</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a class="row-title" style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/successful-brady-napue-cases/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="“Successful Brady/Napue Cases – Suppression of Evidence” (Edit)">Successful Brady/Napue Cases</a></span> –<span style="color: #ff0000;"> Suppression of Evidence</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a class="row-title" style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cases-remanded-or-hearing-granted-based-on-brady-napue-claims/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="“Cases Remanded or Hearing Granted Based on Brady/Napue Claims” (Edit)">Cases Remanded or Hearing Granted</a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Based on Brady/Napue Claims</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a class="row-title" style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-admin/post.php?post=6331&amp;action=edit" aria-label="“Unsuccessful But Instructive Brady/Napue Cases” (Edit)">Unsuccessful But Instructive</a></span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> Brady/Napue Cases</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">ABA – <a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/functions-and-duties-of-the-prosecutor-prosecution-conduct/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Functions and Duties of the Prosecutor</span></a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">Prosecution Conduct</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a class="row-title" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/frivolous-meritless-or-malicious-prosecution/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="“Frivolous, Meritless or Malicious Prosecution” (Edit)">Frivolous, Meritless or Malicious Prosecution</a><span style="color: #339966;"><strong> &#8211; fiduciary duty</strong></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;">Appealing/Contesting Case/</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Order</span></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">/Judgment/</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Charge/</span><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;"> Suppressing Evidence</span></h2>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;">First Things First: <span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chapter_2_Appealability.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What Can Be Appealed</a></span> and <span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chapter_2_Appealability.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What it Takes to Get Started</a></span> &#8211; <em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Chapter_2_Appealability.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></em></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fighting-a-judgment-without-filing-an-appeal-settlement-or-mediation-options-to-appealing/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Options to Appealing</a></span>– <span style="color: #ff0000;">Fighting A Judgment</span> <span style="color: #3366ff;"><span style="color: #339966;">Without Filing An Appeal Settlement Or Mediation </span><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/motion-to-reconsider/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 1008</a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Motion to Reconsider</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/pc-1385-dismissal-of-the-action-for-want-of-prosecution-or-otherwise/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Penal Code 1385</span></a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Dismissal of the Action for <span style="color: #339966;">Want of Prosecution or Otherwise</span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/1538-5-motion-to-suppress-evidence-in-a-california-criminal-case/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Penal Code 1538.5</span></a> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Motion To Suppress Evidence</span><span style="color: #339966;"> in a California Criminal Case</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/caci-no-1501-wrongful-use-of-civil-proceedings/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">CACI No. 1501</span></a> – <span style="color: #ff0000;">Wrongful Use of Civil Proceedings</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/penal-code-995-motion-to-dismiss-in-california/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Penal Code “995 Motions” in California</a></span> –  <span style="color: #ff0000;">Motion to Dismiss</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wic-%c2%a7-700-1-motion-to-suppress-as-evidence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">WIC § 700.1</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #000000;">If Court Grants</span> Motion to Suppress as Evidence</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/suppression-of-evidence-false-testimony/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Suppression Of Exculpatory Evidence</a> / Presentation Of False Or Misleading Evidence &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/suppression-of-evidence-false-testimony/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></em></span></span></h3>
<h3 class="jcc-hero__title"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cr-120-notice-of-appeal-felony-1237-1237-5-1538-5m/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Notice of Appeal<span style="color: #000000;"> —</span> Felony</a></span> (Defendant) <span class="text-no-wrap">(CR-120)  1237, 1237.5, 1538.5(m) &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cr-120-notice-of-appeal-felony-1237-1237-5-1538-5m/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></span></span></h3>
<h3><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">California Motions in Limine</span> – <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/california-motions-in-limine-what-is-a-motion-in-limine/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is a Motion in Limine?</a></span></span></h3>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #008080;">Cleaning</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">Up Your</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">Record</span></span></h2>
<h3 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Penal Code 851.8 PC</span></span> – <span style="color: #0000ff;"><em><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/penal-code-851-8-pc-certificate-of-factual-innocence-in-california/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Certificate of Factual Innocence in California</a></em></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Petition to Seal and Destroy Adult Arrest Records</span> &#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/bcia-8270.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Download the PC 851.8 BCIA 8270 Form Here</a></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">SB 393: <span style="color: #ff00ff;">The <span style="color: #ff0000;">Consumer Arrest Record Equity Act</span></span> &#8211; <em>851.87 &#8211; 851.92  &amp; 1000.4 &#8211; 11105</em> &#8211; <em><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/sb-393-the-consumer-arrest-record-equity-act/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CARE ACT</a></span></em></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/expungement-california-how-to-clear-criminal-records-under-penal-code-1203-4-pc/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><em>Expungement California</em></span></a> – How to <span style="color: #ff0000;">Clear Criminal Records </span>Under Penal Code<span style="color: #ff00ff;"> 1203.4 PC</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/how-to-vacate-a-criminal-conviction-in-california-penal-code-1473-7-pc/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Vacate a Criminal Conviction in California</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Penal Code 1473.7 PC</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/seal-destroy-a-criminal-record/">Seal &amp; Destroy</a></span> a <span style="color: #ff0000;">Criminal Record</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/cleaning-up-your-criminal-record/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Cleaning Up Your Criminal Record</span></a> in <span style="color: #008000;">California</span> <span style="color: #ff6600;">(focus OC County)</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Governor Pardons &#8211;</span></strong><strong> </strong><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/governor-pardons/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What Does A Governor’s Pardon Do</a></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/how-to-get-a-sentence-commuted-executive-clemency-in-california/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Get a Sentence Commuted</a></span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">(Executive Clemency)</span> in California</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/how-to-reduce-a-felony-to-a-misdemeanor-penal-code-17b-pc-motion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to Reduce a Felony to a Misdemeanor</a></span> &#8211; <span style="color: #ff0000;">Penal Code 17b PC Motion</span></span></h3>
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<h1 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/epic-scotus-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #ff00ff;"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-3607 alignnone" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DEC22-Starr.jpg" alt="" width="112" height="75" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DEC22-Starr.jpg 1000w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DEC22-Starr-300x200.jpg 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DEC22-Starr-768x512.jpg 768w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/DEC22-Starr-600x400.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 112px) 100vw, 112px" /></span></a><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> Epic <span style="color: #ff0000;">Criminal <span style="color: #000000;">/</span> Civil Right$</span> SCOTUS <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Help </span></span>&#8211; <span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/epic-scotus-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/parents-rights-childrens-bill-of-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-2679 alignnone" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/swearing_294391_1280_0.png" alt="At issue in Rosenfeld v. New Jersey (1972) was whether a conviction under state law prohibiting profane language in a public place violated a man's First Amendment's protection of free speech. The Supreme Court vacated the man's conviction and remanded the case for reconsideration in light of its recent rulings about fighting words. The man had used profane language at a public school board meeting. (Illustration via Pixabay, public domain)" width="55" height="95" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/swearing_294391_1280_0.png 700w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/swearing_294391_1280_0-173x300.png 173w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/swearing_294391_1280_0-590x1024.png 590w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/swearing_294391_1280_0-600x1041.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 55px) 100vw, 55px" /></a><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> Epic <span style="color: #ff0000;">Parents SCOTUS Ruling </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">&#8211; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #339966;">Parental Right$ </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">Help </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><span style="color: #339966;">&#8211; <a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/parents-rights-childrens-bill-of-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/parents-rights-childrens-bill-of-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6721" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Judges-Immunity-201x300.png" alt="" width="66" height="98" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Judges-Immunity-201x300.png 201w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Judges-Immunity.png 376w" sizes="(max-width: 66px) 100vw, 66px" /></a> <span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><a style="color: #0000ff;" href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/jurisdiction-judges-immunity-judicial-ethics/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Judge&#8217;s &amp; Prosecutor&#8217;s <span style="color: #339966;">Jurisdiction</span></a></span>&#8211; SCOTUS RULINGS on</span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/parents-rights-childrens-bill-of-rights/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-6721" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Judges-Immunity-201x300.png" alt="" width="66" height="98" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Judges-Immunity-201x300.png 201w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Judges-Immunity.png 376w" sizes="(max-width: 66px) 100vw, 66px" /></a> <span style="font-size: 18pt;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/prosecutional-misconduct-scotus-rulings-re-prosecutors/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Prosecutional Misconduct</span></a> &#8211; SCOTUS Rulings re: Prosecutors</span></h1>
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<h2>Family Treatment Court Best Practice Standards</h2>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/FTC_Standards.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Download Here</a> this <span style="color: #ff00ff;">Recommended Citation</span></h3>
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<h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #3366ff;">Please take time to learn new UPCOMING </span></h1>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">The PROPOSED <em><span style="color: #3366ff;"><a style="color: #3366ff;" href="https://parentalrights.org/amendment/#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Parental Rights Amendmen</a>t</span></em><br />
to the <span style="color: #3366ff;">US CONSTITUTION</span> <em><span style="color: #ff0000;"><a style="color: #ff0000;" href="https://parentalrights.org/amendment/#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Click Here</a></span></em> to visit their site</h1>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">The proposed Parental Rights Amendment will specifically add parental rights in the text of the U.S. Constitution, protecting these rights for both current and future generations.</h3>
<p style="text-align: center;">The Parental Rights Amendment is currently in the U.S. Senate, and is being introduced in the U.S. House.</p>
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<p><iframe title="Section 1983 -- Info about bringing a civil rights lawsuit" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yZKvmEN3FB8?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
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<h3><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-11315" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Evidence.jpg" alt="" width="726" height="1121" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Evidence.jpg 564w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Evidence-259x400.jpg 259w" sizes="(max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px" /></h3>
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		<title>STOP OCDA Corruption! We need Fairness &#038; Justice in our District Attorney&#8217;s office</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/stop-oc-da-corruption-we-need-fairness-justice-in-our-district-attorneys-office/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Jul 2022 07:41:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Corruption Over the Years]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Orange County DA Office]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Top Stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Zee Truthful News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Corruption]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DA Corruption]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[District Attorney]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OCDA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Orange County District Attorney]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Orange County District Attorney Corruption]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Todd Spitzer]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://goodshepherdmedia.net/?p=1604</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[STOP OCDA Corruption! We need Fairness &#38; Justice in our District Attorney&#8217;s office Orange County District Attorney&#8217;s office vast years of corruption under more than just Todd Spitzer dating years back. &#160; Coalition to Reform the Orange County District Attorney started this petition to US Attorney and 2 others Orange County California has endured decades of corruption in all [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 class="corgi-bvdt4s" style="text-align: center;" data-qa="petition-title">STOP OCDA Corruption! We need Fairness &amp; Justice in our District Attorney&#8217;s office</h1>
<h2 class="corgi-bvdt4s" style="text-align: center;" data-qa="petition-title">Orange County District Attorney&#8217;s office vast years of corruption under more than just Todd Spitzer dating years back.</h2>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-1605 aligncenter" src="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Orange-County-District-Attorney-OC-DA.jpg" alt="" width="427" height="427" srcset="https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Orange-County-District-Attorney-OC-DA.jpg 320w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Orange-County-District-Attorney-OC-DA-300x300.jpg 300w, https://goodshepherdmedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Orange-County-District-Attorney-OC-DA-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px" /></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="corgi-1virxrr"><span class="corgi-1t3hr2n"><a class="corgi-cc2ok" href="https://www.change.org/o/coalition_to_reform_the_orange_county_district_attorney">Coalition to Reform the Orange County District Attorney</a> started this petition to <span class="corgi-gd9yws">US Attorney</span> and <button class="corgi-gaeuhc">2 others</button></span></div>
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<div class="corgi-lgbo0i" data-qa="description-content">
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<p>Orange County California has endured decades of corruption in all levels of government. Typically, the District Attorney is the office that curtails such corruption; however, here in Orange County the District Attorney’s office (OCDA) is part of the misconduct. Though investigations have been conducted at local, state and federal level, none have led to steps to curb the chronic, systemic misconduct. Today we call on you Mrs. Loretta Lynch, Attorney General, and the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate and create a system to reform the office that is sworn to protect us.<br />
Due to a systemic pattern of injustice encouraged by District Attorney Tony Rackauka, it has eroded the public’s confidence to a fair trial, fostered internal negligence, turned a blind eye to alleged misconduct, and instead promoted an open disinterest to uphold Orange County’s laws.<br />
In 2002, the Orange County Grand Jury conducted an extensive investigation that found extensive misconduct in most departments within the OCDA’s office, no actions were taken by the OCDA to follow grand jury recommendations.<br />
In 2013, a Grand Jury issued a report decrying &#8220;government corruption&#8221; in the County of Orange’s governmental offices and operations. This Grand Jury alleged illegal behavior was “actively festering’ throughout in county government, and “corruption had permeated all levels of the organization”. The Grand Jury cited several scandals since the 1970s. There was no follow up to the investigation and operations continued as usual.<br />
In March 2015, Orange County Superior Court Judge Thomas Goethals disqualified the OCDA from continuing to prosecute the sensational Scott Dekraii murder trial case. Judge Goethals found OCDA’s office had illegally used jailhouse informants and committed unconstitutional breaches of justice by deliberately concealing this information from defense lawyers.<br />
In July 2015, the OCDA’s office announced it would assemble its own commission to investigate claims of prosecutor misconduct. The OCDA has a history of lying in the court, of fabricating evidence and protecting corrupt officers yet expect to be trusted to investigate themselves.<br />
In November 2015, Legal experts from all over the United States called on US Attorney General Loretta Lynch for a federal investigation of the Orange County district attorney&#8217;s office and over the use of jailhouse informants. The letter described the justice system in Orange County in a “state of crisis” needing an immediate investigation.<br />
For these and many other violations perpetrated against the People of Orange County we call upon the U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch for the immediate investigation and reform of the OCDA&#8217;s office who has chronically failed to uphold their mission statement. The OCDA&#8217;s corruption, which touches every county government agency, every county employee, every city, every appointed and elected local official, and each individual in Orange County, demands an immediate investigatory and reform process take place by an independent body to restore the fairness, credibility and justice all people in Orange County deserve.</p>
<p><a class="corgi-cc2ok" href="http://www.ocgrandjury.org/pdfs/dainvestigation.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">http://www.ocgrandjury.org/pdfs/dainvestigation.pdf</a><br />
<a class="corgi-cc2ok" href="http://www.ocgrandjury.org/pdfs/2012_2013_reports/Grand%20Jury%20Final%20Report2012-2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">http://www.ocgrandjury.org/pdfs/2012_2013_reports/Grand%20Jury%20Final%20Report2012-2013.pdf</a><br />
<a class="corgi-cc2ok" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2015/05/orange_county_prosecutor_misconduct_judge_goethals_takes_district_attorney.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2015/05/orange_county_prosecutor_misconduct_judge_goethals_takes_district_attorney.html</a><br />
<a class="corgi-cc2ok" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/orange-county-district-attorney_us_55a6fc50e4b0c5f0322c5b8e" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/orange-county-district-attorney_us_55a6fc50e4b0c5f0322c5b8e</a><br />
<a class="corgi-cc2ok" href="http://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/news/tn-dpt-me-1119-informant-letter-20151118-story.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">http://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/news/tn-dpt-me-1119-informant-letter-20151118-story.html</a></p>
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<p>everything above cited from <a href="https://www.change.org/p/us-attorney-federal-investigation-of-orange-county-district-attorney" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.change.org/p/us-attorney-federal-investigation-of-orange-county-district-attorney</a></p>
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		<title>Fourth Sexual Harassment Claim Filed Against OCDA and  ‘Best Friend’</title>
		<link>https://goodshepherdmedia.net/fourth-sexual-harassment-claim-filed-against-ocda-and-best-friend/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[The Truth News]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 18 Nov 2021 01:22:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Corrupted Family Law / Criminal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Corruption Over the Years]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Legal News The Motivation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Orange County DA Office]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Top Stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Zee Truthful News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Best Friend]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[corrupt DA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Corruption]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[criminal himself]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DA has many criminal friends]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DA is a criminal himself]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[District Attorney]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[donors have indictments]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Harassment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[highest positions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OC District Attorney]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OCDA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OCDA Criminal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Orange County]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Orange County District Attorney]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Orange County District Attorney Corruption]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sexual Harassment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Todd Spitzer]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://goodshepherdmedia.net/?p=8401</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Fourth Sexual Harassment Claim Filed Against OCDA and ‘Best Friend’ Claim alleges Todd Spitzer knew of his friend&#8217;s bad behavior but promoted him to one of the highest positions in the office By TONY SAAVEDRA &#124; tsaavedra@scng.com &#124; Orange County Register A fourth sexual harassment claim has been filed against a retired high-level prosecutor in Orange County, alleging that [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1 class="entry-title" style="text-align: center;">Fourth <span style="color: #ff0000;">Sexual Harassment</span> Claim Filed Against<span style="color: #ff0000;"> OCDA</span> and ‘<span style="color: #ff0000;">Best Friend</span>’</h1>
<h2 class="subheadline" style="text-align: center;">Claim alleges Todd Spitzer knew of his friend&#8217;s bad behavior but promoted him to one of the highest positions in the office</h2>
<p style="text-align: center;">By <a class=" author-name" title="Posts by Tony Saavedra" href="https://www.ocregister.com/author/tony-saavedra/" rel="author">TONY SAAVEDRA</a> | <a href="mailto:tsaavedra@scng.com">tsaavedra@scng.com</a> | <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2021/02/24/fourth-harassment-claim-filed-against-oc-district-attorney-and-purported-best-friend/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Orange County Register</a></p>
<p>A fourth sexual harassment claim has been filed against a retired high-level prosecutor in Orange County, alleging that District Attorney Todd Spitzer witnessed the misbehavior but protected and even promoted the offender.</p>
<p>The newest claim, filed Tuesday, against Spitzer and former Senior Assistant District Attorney Gary Logalbo — Spitzer’s former roommate and best man at his wedding decades ago — typically is a precursor to a lawsuit. Attorney Matt Murphy, a former prosecutor, is representing the four claimants, all deputy district attorneys. Murphy spends much of the latest document blasting Spitzer for promoting to management his so-called best friend — known among veteran female employees as “Scary Gary.”</p>
<p>The claim says Spitzer’s <a href="https://www.ocregister.com/2021/02/04/sexual-harassment-claims-lodged-against-former-high-level-supervisor-at-oc-das-office/">tough talk against harassment</a> in the workplace doesn’t apply to those closest to him and alleges he tried to retaliate against one of the four Jane Does who filed claims.</p>
<h3>‘Denials’ and ‘victim blaming’</h3>
<p>The accusations have been met with an “angry tone, denials and overt victim blaming” by Spitzer, said the claim.</p>
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<p>“The reason people were so deeply reticent to complain of this behavior was not fear of Mr. Logalbo, but because they feared, and continue to fear, the well-documented wrath of Todd Spitzer,” said the document, which like the first three seeks unspecified damages.</p>
<p>Kimberly Edds, a spokeswoman for Spitzer, responded that the claim mischaracterizes the district attorney.</p>
<p>“We are incredibly disturbed by the allegations being made by several women in the Orange County District Attorney’s Office. No one should have to suffer in silence and these women will be protected,” Edds wrote in a prepared statement Wednesday. “As soon as allegations of misconduct and inappropriate behavior came to our attention, we handled them immediately and lawfully. This fact is indisputable. … We do not need lawsuits to tell us to do the right thing. The right thing is already being done.”</p>
<p>Spitzer added that no official complaints were made against Logalbo — nor were any in his employment file — until November.</p>
<p>Logalbo was first promoted to management in 2019 and then to senior assistant district attorney in early November. Shortly afterward, the allegations against him began to surface, Spitzer has said. Logalbo resigned abruptly on Dec. 11. Spitzer has acknowledged his personal relationship with Logalbo, but denies he is his “best friend.”</p>
<h3>Teen intern harassed?</h3>
<p>The claim mentions another unnamed, extra-help prosecutor — a former volunteer in Spitzer’s 2018 election campaign — who allegedly harassed a 16-year-old intern. Jane Doe 4 witnessed the harassment and reported it to management, but Spitzer interceded on behalf of the prosecutor, the claim says. The alleged harasser was later “released from OCDA employment” after failing a second background check, Murphy wrote.</p>
<p>“Two men, each with personal relationships to the district attorney, acted with impunity when it came to the pervasive sexual harassment of at least four adult women and one teenage girl,” the document said.</p>
<h3>The system worked</h3>
<p>Edds responded that the system worked and the extra-help lawyer was let go.</p>
<p>As far as Logalbo, Jane Doe 4 describes one incident in which she was discussing a child annoyance case with him when he said, “Talking about all this sex stuff makes me horny.”</p>
<p>The document alleges that Chief Assistant District Attorney Shawn Nelson and Spitzer witnessed Logalbo’s misconduct but did nothing. Spitzer even raised Logalbo to the highest management post in the office, despite protests from supervisors aware of his antics, the claim said.</p>
<p>Before he left, Logalbo was allowed to conduct a promotion interview of one of the claimants, Jane Doe 2. She didn’t get the job.</p>
<p>Murphy, in the claim, also accused Spitzer of sidestepping government procedure and leaking the first three claims to the media in an effort to “control the narrative.” Edds, however, said the claims are public documents that must be released upon request. They were filed with the county and therefore public, Spitzer said.</p>
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<p><img decoding="async" class="avatar avatar-85 photo size-85x85 lazyautosizes lazyloaded" src="https://www.ocregister.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/OCR-L-Tony-01.jpg?w=85" sizes="63px" srcset="https://www.ocregister.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/OCR-L-Tony-01.jpg?w=85 85w" alt="Author" data-sizes="auto" data-src="https://www.ocregister.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/OCR-L-Tony-01.jpg?w=85" data-srcset="https://www.ocregister.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/OCR-L-Tony-01.jpg?w=85 85w" /></p>
<div class="about-author-content">
<h2 class="author vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://www.ocregister.com/author/tony-saavedra/">Tony Saavedra</a> </span><span class="author-title">| Reporter</span></h2>
<div class="author-description">Tony Saavedra is an investigative reporter specializing in legal affairs for the Orange County Register. His work has been recognized by the National Headliner Club, the Associated Press Sports Editors, the California Newspaper Publishers Association, the Orange County Trial Lawyers Association and the Orange County Press Club. His stories have led to the closure of a chain of badly-run group homes, the end of a state program that placed criminals in inappropriate public jobs and the creation of a civilian oversight office for the Orange County Sheriff&#8217;s Department, among other things. Saavedra has covered the Los Angeles riots, the O.J. Simpson case, the downfall of Orange County Sheriff-turned felon Michael S. Carona and the use of unauthorized drugs by Olympian Carl Lewis. Saavedra has worked as a journalist since 1979 and has held positions at several Southern California newspapers before arriving at the Orange County Register in 1990. He graduated from California State University, Fullerton, in 1981 with a bachelor of arts in communication.</div>
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