EVERYTHING YOU WILL NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE FEDERAL TORT CLAIMS ACT

Imagine you get hurt because a federal employee did something wrong, but you don’t know what you can do about it. They are employed by the government, so who do you even report to?

The Federal Tort Claims Act was passed in 1946 to allow the federal government to be sued in cases of wrongdoing. This means that federal employees are to be held responsible for any mistakes that result in injury to others.

Have you had to deal with this type of situation in the past? Are you currently recovering from the misdoings of a federal employee?

Keep reading to find out more about what you can do.

What is a Tort?

Simply put, a tort is a wrongful act that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm in some way. It is a civil wrong and there are three types of torts that may cause this harm to other people. Each of them has distinct differences that help to tell them apart.

Intentional Tort

Intentional torts are when someone does something wrong to another person on purpose. Examples of this could be assault, false imprisonment, or fraud.

For the most part, this is when someone does something illegal and harmful with intent to harm.

Negligence Tort

Negligence torts occur when harm is inflicted upon another person due to failure to meet specific standards meant to keep everyone safe and happy.

These are typically due to carelessness and are actually the most common of the three types of torts.

Strict Liability Tort

Strict liability torts are a little different because they happen when responsibility for harm can be applied to someone or something without any evidence of it being their fault.

The harm has to be directly caused by the someone or something in order for the law to see the person as being the victim in these cases.

The Federal Tort Claims Act

Under the Federal Tort Claims Act, the government is self-insured and will recognize liability when a federal employee does something that results in injury to another person or their property.

If someone is injured or harmed in some way as a result of a federal employee’s actions, you may have the chance to file a claim against the government.

What Do You Need?

You have to be able to show that the federal employee was the one that harmed you or your property.

You also need to be able to prove that the employee was doing something within the realm of duties he or she is meant to be doing for the government when the harm happened.

Lastly, you will need to be able to demonstrate the employee acted wrongfully and this wrongdoing directly resulted in harm to you.

For instance, you may file a FTCA claim if you are a veteran being treated at a Veterans Administration and the doctor employed there misdiagnoses and, as a result, mistreats you.

Is This Like Any Other Lawsuit?

This type of tort claim is a little bit more challenging than a civil suit, because the FCTA is a really complex law.

It is always better to file the claim sooner rather than later in order to have the best chance of winning the case. A written claim must be filed within two years of your knowledge of the negligence or intent to harm.

Hiring an expert-level lawyer is going to be important at this stage. .source

Understanding Tort Law

Tort law can be split into three categories: negligent torts, intentional torts, and strict liability torts.

• Negligent torts are harms done to people through the failure of another to exercise a certain level of care, usually defined as a reasonable standard of care. Accidents are a standard example of negligent torts.
• Intentional torts are harms that have been caused by the willful misconduct of another, such as assault, fraud, and theft.
• Strict liability torts, unlike negligence and intentional torts, are not concerned with the culpability of the person doing the harm. Instead, such cases focus on the act itself. If someone or some entity commits a certain act—for example, producing a defective product—that person or company is responsible for the damage done, regardless of the level of care exercised or their intentions.

Examples of Tort Law

A Liability Case

In February 2016, a self-driving car made by Google crashed into a bus in Mountain View, Calif. The car sensed a group of sandbags positioned around a storm drain and swerved into another lane to avoid them, slamming into the side of a public transit bus. This was the first reported case of a self-driving car causing an accident, not just being a part of one.

According to liability tort law, drivers can seek compensation from a manufacturer for a faulty part of a car, usually an airbag or a tire. However, this liability tort now extends to self-driving cars, and Google and others in the nascent self-driving vehicle business could be found liable for the damages.1

A Negligence Case

Amy Williams filed a negligence lawsuit against Quest Diagnostics and its subsidiary Athena Diagnostics for the wrongful death of her two-year-old son, Christian Millare.

In 2007, Athena Diagnostics misclassified a mutation in Millare’s gene. The plaintiff argued that the misclassification led the child’s doctors to use the wrong treatment for his symptoms. The mutation directly resulted in his seizure and death in 2008.

In 2018, 11 years after the child’s death, the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled that a genetic testing lab could be classified as a healthcare provider under state law.2

An Intentional Tort Case

An example of an intentional tort is the ruling between the website Gawker and pro wrestler Hulk Hogan on March 18, 2016.

Hogan was awarded $140 million in damages since it was deemed that Gawker intentionally invaded his privacy in order to obtain video evidence of a private act. source

What to Know About Tort Laws in California

In California, those who believe that they have been harmed by another person, company or government agency may pursue civil litigation. A civil case may also be referred to as a tort case, and unlike a criminal proceeding, no one will go to jail after a ruling is made in the matter. Instead, the defendant will likely be ordered to provide compensation to the plaintiff to help that person recover any financial losses incurred because of the defendant’s negligent behavior.

California Law Recognizes Three Different Types of Torts

In California, a tort may be classified as an intentional tort, a negligent tort or a strict liability case. An intentional tort takes place when the defendant engages in an act that he or she knew was wrong. Let’s say that the defendant in a personal injury case saw you walking on the side of the road. Upon seeing you, that person decided to hit you with his or her car despite knowing that doing so would be a violation of his or her duty of care.

A negligent tort occurs when a person unintentionally engages in an act that would constitute negligence on his or her behalf. Let’s say that the driver of the car that hit you did so while driving too fast for road conditions. Although that person should have known that driving above the posted speed limit was risky, there was no actual intent to cause you harm.

In a strict liability case, it doesn’t matter what the defendant’s intentions were. As long as it can be shown that another party’s actions caused you to incur a financial loss, you will likely obtain a favorable outcome in court. Strict liability laws often apply in cases involving vicious animals or defective products.

What to Know About Reckless Misconduct Cases

If a person acts in a reckless manner, he or she may face additional penalties in a civil case. Reckless activity occurs when an individual engages in acts that have a wanton disregard for a person’s life. As a general rule, it is considered to be a cross between an intentional tort and a negligent tort. However, typically, reckless behavior is seen as more severe than negligent behavior.

It’s possible for a defendant to face a reckless misconduct charge even if he or she didn’t intend to cause a specific amount of property damage or a specific type of injury. For example, a person may have acted in a reckless manner by driving 65 miles per hour through a residential street. Despite that, it doesn’t mean that the defendant intended to run you over or drive a car through your house.

How Do You Prove Negligence Occurred?

To obtain a financial award in any type of civil case, you’ll need to prove that the defendant acted in a negligent manner. To do this, you will first need to show that the defendant violated his or her duty of care in allowing your injuries to happen.

In a car accident case, you may be able to establish that by showing that he or she was driving while impaired or was operating an improperly maintained vehicle when the crash occurred. In a premises liability case, you might be able to use witness statements or security camera footage to establish that a hazard wasn’t dealt with properly.

After establishing that a duty of care was violated, you must show that the defendant’s actions were the proximate cause of your injuries. This is why it’s generally in your best interest to seek treatment immediately following any type of accident.

By doing so, you can establish a stronger link between a defendant’s actions and your injuries. Otherwise, it may be possible for that person to assert that a back injury occurred years ago at work or that your pain was caused by some other condition that you have failed to treat.

Finally, you’ll need to show that the defendant’s actions resulted in some sort of financial loss. For instance, if you went to the hospital after a car accident, you would likely be charged for services rendered. Presenting the bill that you received into evidence would generally be enough to satisfy this requirement.

What Types of Damages Might You Be Entitled To?

California tort laws allow you to collect a variety of damages based on the facts of your case. For instance, if you have to go to the hospital, you will likely be able to recover the cost of prior, current or future treatment. If you were forced to miss work, you’ll likely be able to recoup any wages that were lost, and in the event that you can’t go back to work, a settlement will likely include lost future earnings.

If you have to refurbish your home or car to make them easier to use, the defendant in your case may have to pay to make that happen. The defendant may also need to pay to repair or replace any items that were damaged or lost as a result of that person’s negligence.

Finally, you may be entitled to reimbursement for the cost of in-home care or any other costs that are somehow related to a defendant’s irresponsible behavior. In the event that your case goes to trial, it’s possible that the defendant may appeal an unfavorable jury verdict.

If that happens, interest will likely accumulate on the balance of any award that a jury says that you’re entitled to. In some cases, appeals take years to resolve, which means that the final amount that you’re paid may be significantly higher than what you were initially awarded.

Your personal injury attorney may be able to provide more information about the types of compensation that you may receive in your case. An attorney may also be able to talk more about the steps involved in calculating the size of your award.

How Long Do You Have to File a Lawsuit?

Under California tort laws, you have two years from the date of a negligent action to file a personal injury lawsuit. California law does generally toll the statute of limitations clock for a number of reasons. For instance, if you were under the age of 18 when you were hurt, you’ll typically have two years from your 18th birthday to take legal action.

If you are incapacitated, mentally deficient or incarcerated after an accident occurs, the statute of limitations tolls until your situation changes. For example, if you’re in a coma for three years after being hit in the head by the defendant in your case, you would have two years after emerging from it to file a lawsuit. Of course, this assumes that you have the mental capacity to do so on your own.

This clock may also toll if you aren’t immediately sure that you were hurt as the result of a defendant’s actions. It isn’t uncommon for symptoms of a concussion, internal bleed or other injuries to take days or weeks to present themselves. In such a scenario, you’ll be given two years from the date that a reasonable person would have figured out how they were injured.

It’s worth noting that you may have significantly less time to take legal action against a government agency. Under the California Tort Claims Act, you must generally provide up to six months advance notice before filing a lawsuit. A personal injury attorney may be able to provide more information about your rights as it relates to taking such a step.

If you are hurt for any reason through no fault of your own, it may be in your best interest to hire a personal injury attorney. source

California Tort Claims Act – How to Sue The Government

The California Tort Claims Act (CTCA) is a law enacted by the California Legislature with the intent to protect the state government from liability in certain personal injury cases. The law states that, generally, “a public entity is not liable for an injury” caused by that public entity or any of its employees. This is known as “sovereign immunity.”

However, the law has numerous exceptions that provide injury victims with a limited opportunity to bring a claim and seek monetary damages.

In most California Tort Claim Act claims, proper notice of a claim must be filed within six months of the injury or accident.

The Act allows the government to be held liable in limited circumstances. These provisions include premises liability where the government had notice of the dangerous condition, or where the government is vicariously liable for the negligence of an employee.

If you are successful in your claim against the government, you can be awarded financial compensation for your injuries. Compensatory damages in a personal injury lawsuit can include:

• Medical bills,
• Loss of income,
• Property damage, and
• Pain & suffering.

1. What is the California Tort Claims Act?

If a government agency, employee, or the government itself is responsible for your injuries, there are very specific requirements you must follow in order to file a personal injury lawsuit against the government. Under the California Tort Claims Act, you are required to give notice to the government within a set period of time or you lose your opportunity to seek money damages from the party that injured you.

However, the law also carves out certain limited exceptions that allow the State of California to face liability. For those limited exceptions, a very strict filing claim procedure is in place which must be strictly followed for an injury victim to recover damages.

1.1 What is sovereign immunity?

Sovereign immunity is a legal concept created centuries ago in England, which protected the King from any lawsuit which caused damages to others. Over the many years since that time, the concept has been adopted by every state in various forms to protect public entities from lawsuits for injuries caused by them or their employees.¹

In most states, the sovereign immunity statutes carve out specific exceptions to the law by which a plaintiff can still sue the government or another public entity. These exceptions are usually governed by a strict procedure that must be followed.

1.2 What claims are covered under the California Tort Claims Act?

Under the California Tort Claims Act, all claims for civil liability or “money damages” are covered, meaning that cases that are covered may include:

• Car accidents;
• Bus accidents;
• Burn injuries;
• Slip and fall accidents;
• Medical negligence;
• Nuisance;
• Sports injuries at school;
• Breach of contract; and
• Intentional torts, like assault & battery.

Lawsuits against teachers and school districts in California generally proceed by way of the CTCA.

1.3 What types of claims are not permitted under the California Tort Claims Act?

The Act generally does not allow claims for almost any other reason, except those above. These include:

• Injuries caused by the failure to pass a regulation, ordinance, or law;
• Injuries caused by the California National Guard;
• Injuries caused by failure to enforce a specific law;
• An injury caused by an issuance or failure to issue any permit, license, certificate, or other governmental authorization;
• Any injury caused by a failure to inspect any property which the government itself does not own;
• Injuries caused by any misrepresentation; or
• Damages as a result of reporting identifying information of convicted drug offenders to local schools.

Moreover, punitive damages are generally not allowed in a claim against the government. These types of damages are rarely awarded in a personal injury claim, and may require a showing of recklessness, fraud, or intentional harm. However, these types of damages are specifically excluded from liability under the law.

Additionally, any claim which is not “for money or damages” cannot be filed under the California Tort Claims Act.

Example: Janet is a contractor who has agreed to build a shed for a customer by the end of next week. She goes through the paperwork for the necessary building permit and submits it but the permit is denied. Janet is unable to fulfill her contract, and is sued as a result. She cannot sue the government under the CTCA for denying her permit, even though that denial was the ultimate cause of her damages.

2. When can the government be held responsible for my injuries?

Under the Act, the government can be held legally responsible for personal injury damages in certain situations. These situations include:

• The negligent acts of employees,
• The negligent acts of independent contractors,
• Premises liability for dangerous conditions on government property, and
• When damages are caused by the public entities’ failure to carry out a duty imposed by law.

The entity responsible in a California Tort Claims Act claim is generally the government entity or agency responsible for the employee, property, or carrying out a duty. The CTCA applies to state, county, and local government agencies and departments, including city or municipality agencies.

2.1 When can the government be liable for acts of its employees?

A government entity or agency is responsible for any negligent acts committed by its employees, if:

• The employee was acting within the scope of his or her employment; or
• The employee was carrying out some government function.²

If a government employee is the cause of a person’s personal injury damages, the victim should file a claim under the California Tort Claims Act against the agency or entity that employs that negligent employee. The Act does not provide for a lawsuit against the employee personally but generally only against the employer.

2.2 When can the government be liable for the acts of independent contractors?

The government may be held responsible for the negligent acts of its independent contractors when:

• The independent contractor was acting within the scope of its assignment or agreed upon duties; or
• The independent contractor was carrying out a government function for which it had authority.

The same rules apply under the Act for independent contractors as they do for employees. Again, the independent contractor may not be sued individually under the California Tort Claims Act but instead the lawsuit must be against the government itself.

2.3 When can the government be liable for failure to carry out a legal duty?

If a law imposes a particular duty upon a government entity or agency, and that entity or agency fails to fulfill that legal duty, the government can be held liable for injuries caused as a result under the California Tort Claims Act.

Example: If a government agency is responsible for ensuring that roads are kept in a safe manner, and the agency negligently fails to correct a large pothole it has known about for months, a person injured by the unsafe road condition may be able to sue the agency for damages under the Act.

Note, however, that many government officials acting in their discretionary capacity are protected by qualified immunity.

2.4. Who is responsible for accidents that happen on government property?

When the government owns or controls the property, the government may be liable for injuries caused by any hazardous condition on the property. However, premises liability claims against public entities have a different standard.

In a premises liability claim against the government, the plaintiff has to show:

1. The property was in a dangerous condition at the time of the injury;
2. The injury was proximately caused by the dangerous condition;
3. The dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which occurred; and either:
   1. The danger was created by a negligent or wrongful act of a public employee, or
   2. The public entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition and enough time to correct or protect against the dangerous condition.³⁴

To establish notice, the dangerous condition may have existed for a period of time and was obvious enough that the government entity should have discovered the condition and its dangerous character.⁵

3. How do I file a claim under the California Tort Claims Act?

To file a claim against the State of California, a county government, or a municipal government agency, the injury victim must give notice of his or her claim.⁶ This may include filing a report or sending a letter which may suffice as notice, so long as it contains all of the necessary requirements. However, many agencies and municipalities have claim forms that individuals can fill out to provide notice of the claim.

An attorney at the Shouse Law Group can ensure you meet all of the filing requirements, including making sure you file your claim in within the appropriate time limit. Failure to properly file a claim or filing the claim too late could mean your claim will be denied.

3.1 What information does my claim have to include?

The person seeking to file a lawsuit against the government agency or entity must file a claim which includes the following information:

• The name and postal office address of the claimant.
• The post office address to which the person presenting the claim desires notices to be sent.
• The date, place and other circumstances of the occurrence or transaction which gave rise to the claim asserted.
• A general description of the indebtedness, obligation, injury, damage or loss incurred so far as it may be known at the time of presentation of the claim.
• The name or names of the public employee or employees causing the injury, damage, or loss, if known.
• The amount claimed if it totals less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) as of the date of presentation of the claim, including the estimated amount of any prospective injury, damage, or loss, insofar as it may be known at the time of the presentation of the claim, together with the basis of computation of the amount claimed. If the amount claimed exceeds ten thousand dollars ($10,000), no dollar amount shall be included in the claim. However, it shall indicate whether the claim would be a limited civil case. ⁷

Failure to include all of the necessary information can invalidate your claim. If a proper claim is not filed within the time period set forth by law, the claim may be denied.

3.2 What is a “limited case?”

If your claim exceeds $10,000, you may not be required to indicate the amount you seek in your claim, but you are required to indicate whether the claim is a “limited civil case.” A civil case is a “limited civil case” if the plaintiff is seeking less than $25,000, not including costs and reasonable attorney fees, and the plaintiff is not asking for any of the following:

• A permanent injunction: A court order which commands the government agency or entity to or prevents it from taking the complained of action or activity;
• An action which seeks a determination of title to real property;
• Enforcement of any order under the Family Code; or
• An action for declaratory relief: A case that asks the court to state and establish the rights and other legal obligations of the parties involved, but does not actually order enforcement.

It is important to discuss your case with an experienced attorney before filing a claim. Many injury victims under-value their case or do not take into account all their damages. Even minor injuries can require follow-up care or continuing medical treatment. Not asking for enough to fully compensate you for your injuries could leave you paying out of pocket for something that wasn’t your fault.

3.3 Do I have to file a lawsuit if I filed a claim?

If you file a proper notice of claim, you may not have to immediately file a lawsuit. By filing a claim, an injured victim leaves open the option of filing the later lawsuit. However, the party may not be required to follow through with the lawsuit if the government agency agrees to pay the claim.

Example: Carlos was injured as a result of a broken staircase while in a municipal building. Carlos and his attorney file a claim with all of the necessary information and within the time limit. Later, Carlos realizes that he does not want to go through with the lawsuit. He is not required to under the law, but he kept his options open by filing his claim.

4. What are the time limits for bringing a claim?

The act sets forth very strict guidelines for filing a claim against a government entity or agency. Failure to follow these strict guidelines may result in the dismissal of any late claim. This means that an otherwise proper lawsuit for which a plaintiff could receive damages may be invalidated because it was outside of the strict, and often short, time period in which to file.

Most personal injury claims have a limited time to file a claim. However, the statute of limitations, or time allowed to file a claim against government entities is generally shorter than claims against private parties.

A notice must be filed within six months for claims that concern:

• Personal injury,
• Wrongful death,
• Damage to personal property, or
• Damage to crops.

The notice must be filed within six months of the date of the injury. In very limited circumstances, the six-month period may not begin to run until the plaintiff first discovers (or should have discovered) the injury. For example, in a medical negligence case, the victim may not be aware of an accident or injury until weeks or months later. ⁸

Claims which relate to all other causes must be brought within one year of the injury. These actions would include, but are not limited to:

• Breach of contract actions;
• Damage to real property; or
• Declaratory judgment actions not subject to a six-month limitation.

It is critical that the claim is filed within the appropriate time limit to protect the lawsuit from being dismissed.

4.1 Can I file a late claim?

Late claims without a qualifying reason will generally be denied. However, a late claim may sometimes be accepted when the claimant files their claim along with an “application for late filing.” There are four valid reasons for being late in filing a claim:

1. Mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect;
2. Minority (claimant was a minor under the age of 18 during the entire six-month period);
3. Mental or physical incapacity; or
4. Death of a claimant.⁹

Filing a late claim is subject to further strict requirements, but with the help of an experienced personal injury attorney your chances of successfully filing your late claim may increase significantly.

5. What happens after I file my claim?

Once your claim is filed, the public agency generally has 45 days in which to respond or take action. This time is extended somewhat depending on if the claim is mailed and from where the claim is mailed.

There are 5 possible outcomes after a claim is filed:

1. The entity fails to respond within the appropriate time period. This means that the claim is deemed rejected.
2. The entity may approve the claim in whole or in part. The entity may offer a compromise to the claim, which may constitute a settlement of the whole case.
3. The entity may reject the claim.
4. The entity may state the claim does not have sufficient information. The claim can be amended within the time period set by law to fill in that missing information.
5. The entity may return the claim for being untimely.

6. What do I do if my claim is rejected?

If the claim is rejected, a claimant can file suit in state court against the government. To do so, a claimant files a petition with the Superior Court asking to be relieved from the claims requirement. ¹⁰

If the original claim was rejected in whole or in part by the government entity by some form of notice from that entity, the claimant has only six months to file the petition with the court.

If the original claim was rejected because the governmental entity failed to respond to the notice, the time in which to file the petition is two years from the date of rejection.

6.1 What if the court grants my petition?

If the court grants the petition to proceed without the claim requirement, the claimant must file his or her lawsuit within 30 days. Failure to file suit within this time period can result in the inability to ever file the suit again. ¹¹

6.2 What if the court denies my petition?

If the court denies the petition to proceed without the claim requirement, the order denying the petition may be appealed. Your California personal injury attorney can file the appeal on your behalf. If successful on appeal, you will be able to file your case against the government. source

Legal References

Helpful articles involving Torts

How to File a complaint of Police or Government Misconduct?

$uing for Misconduct – Know More of Your Right$

California Attorney Misconduct Law – Suing your attorney

“Civility” Oath Rule Adopted by Supreme Court

Police Misconduct in California – How to Bring a Lawsuit

Section 1983 Lawsuit   How to Bring a Civil Rights Claim

Offsite Help 

• Civil Rights
• File Government Claim for Eligible Compensation site
• Claims Against the Government (Pamphlet)
• claim-damage-injury-or-death

You may need assistance obtaining police reports, incident reports, bodycam footage etc..

Retrieving Police Data, their police line recordings, and bodycam Footage SB1421 form & learn here

Tort Claims Form File Government Claim for Eligible Compensation

Complete and submit the Government Claim Form, including the required $25 filing fee or Fee Waiver Request, and supporting documents, to the GCP.

See Information Guides and Resources below for more information.

Tort Claims – Claim for Damage, Injury, or Death

• Federal –  Federal SF-95 Tort Claim Form Tort Claim online here or download it here or here from us

• California – California Tort Claims Act – California Tort Claim Form Here or here from us

• Complaint for Violation of Civil Rights (Non-Prisoner Complaint) and also UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT PDF

Taken from the UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA Forms source

CIVIL CODE – CIV

DIVISION 4. GENERAL PROVISIONS [3274 – 9566]

  ( Heading of Division 4 amended by Stats. 1988, Ch. 160, Sec. 16. )

PART 1. RELIEF [3274 – 3428]

  ( Part 1 enacted 1872. )

TITLE 2. COMPENSATORY RELIEF [3281 – 3361]

  ( Title 2 enacted 1872. )

CHAPTER 1. Damages in General [3281 – 3296]

  ( Chapter 1 enacted 1872. )

ARTICLE 3. Exemplary Damages [3294 – 3296]

  ( Article 3 enacted 1872. )

3294.  

• (a) In an action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, where it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, the plaintiff, in addition to the actual damages, may recover damages for the sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant.
• (b) An employer shall not be liable for damages pursuant to subdivision (a), based upon acts of an employee of the employer, unless the employer had advance knowledge of the unfitness of the employee and employed him or her with a conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others or authorized or ratified the wrongful conduct for which the damages are awarded or was personally guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice. With respect to a corporate employer, the advance knowledge and conscious disregard, authorization, ratification or act of oppression, fraud, or malice must be on the part of an officer, director, or managing agent of the corporation.
• (c) As used in this section, the following definitions shall apply:
  • (1) “Malice” means conduct which is intended by the defendant to cause injury to the plaintiff or despicable conduct which is carried on by the defendant with a willful and conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others.
  • (2) “Oppression” means despicable conduct that subjects a person to cruel and unjust hardship in conscious disregard of that person’s rights.
  • (3) “Fraud” means an intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or concealment of a material fact known to the defendant with the intention on the part of the defendant of thereby depriving a person of property or legal rights or otherwise causing injury.
• (d) Damages may be recovered pursuant to this section in an action pursuant to Chapter 4 (commencing with Section 377.10) of Title 3 of Part 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure based upon a death which resulted from a homicide for which the defendant has been convicted of a felony, whether or not the decedent died instantly or survived the fatal injury for some period of time. The procedures for joinder and consolidation contained in Section 377.62 of the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply to prevent multiple recoveries of punitive or exemplary damages based upon the same wrongful act.
• (e) The amendments to this section made by Chapter 1498 of the Statutes of 1987 apply to all actions in which the initial trial has not commenced prior to January 1, 1988.

(Amended by Stats. 1992, Ch. 178, Sec. 5. Effective January 1, 1993.) source

GRANDPARENT CASE LAW 

Do Grandparents Have Visitation Rights? If there is an Established Relationship then Yes

Third “PRESUMED PARENT” Family Code 7612(C) – Requires Established Relationship Required

Cal State Bar PDF to read about Three Parent Law –
The State Bar of California family law news issue4 2017 vol. 39, no. 4.pdf

Distinguishing Request for Custody from Request for Visitation

Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000) – Grandparents – 14th Amendment

S.F. Human Servs. Agency v. Christine C. (In re Caden C.)

9.32 Particular Rights – Fourteenth Amendment – Interference with Parent / Child Relationship

Child’s Best Interest in Custody Cases

When is a Joinder in a Family Law Case Appropriate? – Reason for Joinder

Joinder In Family Law Cases – CRC Rule 5.24

GrandParents Rights To Visit
Family Law Packet OC Resource Center
Family Law Packet SB Resource Center

Motion to vacate an adverse judgment

Mandatory Joinder vs Permissive Joinder – Compulsory vs Dismissive Joinder

When is a Joinder in a Family Law Case Appropriate?

Kyle O. v. Donald R. (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 848

Punsly v. Ho (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 1099

Zauseta v. Zauseta (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 1242

S.F. Human Servs. Agency v. Christine C. (In re Caden C.)

Ian J. v. Peter M

Can I Use Text Messages in My California Divorce?

Two-Steps And Voila: How To Authenticate Text Messages

How Your Texts Can Be Used As Evidence?

California Supreme Court Rules:
Text Messages Sent on Private Government Employees Lines
Subject to Open Records Requests

case law: City of San Jose v. Superior Court – Releasing Private Text/Phone Records of Government  Employees

Public Records Practices After the San Jose Decision

The Decision Briefing Merits After the San Jose Decision

Here is the Public Records Service Act Portal for all of CALIFORNIA Click Here

Rules of Admissibility – Evidence Admissibility

Confrontation Clause – Sixth Amendment

Exceptions To The Hearsay Rule – Confronting Evidence

Prosecutor’s Obligation to Disclose Exculpatory Evidence

Successful Brady/Napue Cases – Suppression of Evidence

Cases Remanded or Hearing Granted Based on Brady/Napue Claims

Unsuccessful But Instructive Brady/Napue Cases

ABA – Functions and Duties of the Prosecutor – Prosecution Conduct

Frivolous, Meritless or Malicious Prosecution – fiduciary duty